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AP Biology > Ch. 18 The Evolution of Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Ch. 18 The Evolution of Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Animalia

A

The kingdom that contains the animals

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2
Q

Blastula

A

An embryonic stage that marks the end of cleavage during animal development; a hallow ball of cells in many species

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3
Q

Gastrula

A

The embryonic stage resulting from gastrulation in animal development; most animals have gastrula made up of 3 layers of cells (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

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4
Q

Larva

A

An immature individual that is structurally and often ecologically very different from an adult

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5
Q

Metamorphosis

A

The transformation of a larva into an adult

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6
Q

From where did the animal kingdom probably originate?

A

Colonial protists

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7
Q

Invertebrate

A

Animal that lacks a backbone

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8
Q

Porifera

A

The phylum that contains the sponges, characterized by choanocytes, a porous body wall, and no true tissues

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9
Q

Sponge

A

Marine or freshwater, living singly or clusters by budding (regeneration)

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10
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

An arrangement of the body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis; any slice passing longitudinally through a radially symmetrical organism’s central axis divides it into mirror-image halves

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of a sponge (porifera)?

A

1) Flattened cells w/ pink pore
2) Amoebocytes
3) Choanocyte

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12
Q

Amoebocytes

A

An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia found in most animals; may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, make skeleton, fight infections, change into other cell types

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13
Q

Choanocytes

A

A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges also called a collar cell, it has a collar like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum

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14
Q

Choanoflagellate

A

An ancestral colonial protist from which sponges, and possibly all animals, probably arose (bottom of ponds/shallow sea)

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15
Q

Cnidaria

A

The phylum that contains the hydras, jelly fishes, sea anemones, corals, and related animals characterized by enidocytes, radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, polyps, and medusae
- can have both polyp and medusa

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16
Q

Polyp

A

One of two types of cnidarian body forms; a columnar, hydra-like body (stationary)

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17
Q

Medusa

A

One of two body types of cnidarian body forms; an umbrella-like body form aka jellyfish (free moving)

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18
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

A digestive compartment w/ a single opening, the mouth; may function in circulation, body support, waste disposal, gas exchange, and digestion

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19
Q

Cnidocytes

A

A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; consists of a capsule containing a fine thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture

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20
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of an anima?

A

1) Eukaryotic
2) Multicellular
3) Heterotrophic
4) Lack cell walls
5) Ingestion (internal digestion)
6) Unique intercellular junctions
7) Embryonic stages (gametes -> zygote -> blastula -> gastrula)

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21
Q

What are the criteria of classification?

A

1) Symmetry
- radial or bilateral
2) Level of organization
- tissue level or organ system level
3) Embryonic Tissue
4) Body plan
- gastrovascular cavity or complete digestive system
5) Body Cavity
- pseudocoelom or coelom

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22
Q

Symmetry

A

How body parts are arranged around a median plane

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23
Q

Body Cavity

A

Fluid filled space b/w digestive tract

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24
Q

Pseudocoelom

A

A body cavity that is in direct contact with the wall of the digestive tract and muscle layer
- Lacks mesoderm

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25
Q

Coelom

A

A body cavity completely lined w/ mesoderm and extends from body wall and wraps around digestive tract

  • There is mesoderm so more flexible to grow and independently
  • flexible, organs may grow/move independently, prevents internal injury
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26
Q

What are the 9 phyla of Animalia?

A

Invertebrates…

1) Porifera
2) Cnidaria
3) Platyhelminthes
4) Nematoda
5) Mollusca
6) Annelida
7) Arthropoda
8) Echinodermata

Vertebrae…
9) Chordata

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27
Q

What are the 6 classes of vertebraes?

A

1) Agnatha
2) Fish
3) Amphibians
4) Reptilian
5) Aves
6) Mammalia

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28
Q

Agnatha

A

Jawless fish w/ suction cap mouth and sharp teeth (parasitic

A class of vertebrate animals that are superficially fishlike but lack jaws and paired fins

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29
Q

Fish

A

Jawed vertebrates w/ gills and paired fins

- chrondrichthyes or Osteichthyes

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30
Q

Chrondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous

  • sharks, rays, “living fossils”
  • actue senses, strong jaws (detect electrical fields and water pressure)
  • can’t stop swimming (can’t pump water)
  • poor vision
  • lateral line system
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31
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony (bony fish)

  • tuna, salmon, trout
  • operculum (protective flap for gills)
  • swim bladder for buoyancy in water
  • ray fins
  • ray finned fish or lobe finned fish
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32
Q

Amphibians

A

Live on land, chained to water

  • newt, salamander
  • moist skin, young are tad poles w/ gills, external fertilization, jelly like sperm (why water)
  • metamorphosis (tadpole -> frog)
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33
Q

Tadpole vs Frog

A

Tadpole is a legless taled aquatic algae eater w/ gills

Frog is a 4 legged, tailless, and terrestrial insect eater

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34
Q

Reptilian

A

Do not require water

  • drier skin w/ scales, amniotic egg, internal fertilization
  • ectothermic
  • snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators
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35
Q

Aves

A

A class of vertebrate animals that consists of the birds

  • reptilian ancestry
  • adapted body for flight (hollow beak/bones, short stubby tale, breath muscles)
  • endothermic
  • elongated scales into feathers
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36
Q

Mammalia

A

A class of vertebrae that consists of mammals

  • Evolved from reptiles, nocturnal, long before dinosaurs
  • endothermic
  • hair, fur, live birth, internal development, mammory glands
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37
Q

What are 4 unique features of mammalia?

A

1) hair + fur
2) live birth
3) internal development
4) mammory glands

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38
Q

What does “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” mean?

A

All animals exhibit features that reflect their evolutionary feature

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39
Q

What are the 3 groups of mammalia?

A

1) Monotremes
2) Marsupials
3) eutherians/placental

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40
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

An arrangement of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudinally through it; has mirror-image right and left

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41
Q

Anterior

A

Pertaining to the front/head of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

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42
Q

Posterior

A

Pertaining to the rear/tail of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

43
Q

Dorsal

A

Pertaining to the back of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

44
Q

Ventral

A

Pertaining to the underside/bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

45
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the side of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

46
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

The phylum that contains the flatworms, the bilateral animals w/ a thin/flat body form, gastrovascular cavity or no digestive system, and no body cavity; the free living flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms

47
Q

Flatworms

A

A member of the phylum Platyhelminthes

- free living flatworms, fluke, tapeworms

48
Q

Free living flatworms

A

Planarian w/ head w/ 2 large eyespots and flap at each side to detect chemicals and simple brain
- cilia + muscles

49
Q

Fluke

A

One group of parasitic flatworms

  • copulate freely = produce thousands eggs a day
  • blood flukes cause schistosomiasis
50
Q

Tapeworms

A

A Parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract and a repeating ribbonlike body

51
Q

Nemotoda

A

The phylum that contains the roundworms or nematodes; characterized by a pseudocoelom, a cylindrical, wormlike, body form, and a tough cuticle

52
Q

Roundworm

A

A member of the phylum Nematoda

53
Q

Cuticle

A

In animals, a tough, nonliving outer layers of the skin. In plants, a waxy coating on the surface of stems and leaves that help retain water.

54
Q

Mollusca

A

The phylum that contains the mollusks; characterized by a muscular foot, mantle cavity, and radula
- gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

55
Q

Mantle

A

In a mollusk, the outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal; produces the shell and forms the mantle cavity

Function: respiration, waste disposal, sensory reception, house a gill for oxygen extraction and dispose of liquid waste

56
Q

Radula

A

A toothed, rasping organ used to scrap up or shred food; found in many mollusks

57
Q

What are the 3 cavities of coelom?

A

1) Heart
2) Reproductive Organs
3) Kidney

58
Q

Gastropods

A

A member of the largest group of mollusks.

  • snails/slugs
  • freshwater, sea water, terrestrial
  • ones on land have a mantle cavity developed into lung
59
Q

Bivalves

A

A member of mollusks that includes clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

  • shells divided into 2 halves hinged together
  • sedentary (sand/mud)
60
Q

Cephalopod

A

A member of a group of mollusks that includes squids/octopus

  • built for speed/agility
  • heavy/large shells, some small/internal shells or altogether missing
  • marine predators w/ beaklike jaws and radula
  • large brains, sophisticated sense organs
61
Q

Body Segmentation

A

Subdivision along the length of an animal body into a series of repeated parts called segments
- body flexibility/mobility

62
Q

Annelida

A

The phylum that contains the segmented worms, or annelids characterized by uniform segmentation

  • includes earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches
  • distinct head/tail w/ similar body segments
  • sea, freshwater, damp soil habitats
  • mainly bottom dwelling scavengers
63
Q

Earthworms

A

Extracts nutrients as soil passes through digestive tube

- undigested go thru anus and feces actually improves soil texture

64
Q

Polychaetes

A

Largest group, segmented appendages and hard bristles that increase surface area for oxygen and dispose waste
- marine living in tubes and extend appendages to trap food

65
Q

Leeches

A

Blood sucking habits, free living organisms for small invertebrate

  • fresh water, terrestrial species inhabit moist vegetation in tropics
  • used for bloodletting
66
Q

Arthropods

A

The most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom; characterized by chitinous exoskeleton, molting, jointed appendages, and body formed of distinct segments

  • horseshoe crab, arachnids, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, and insects
  • evolved from annelids (or ancestor)
67
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Hard, external skeleton that protects an animal and provides points of attachment for muscles
- layers of chitin mixed with protein

68
Q

Molting

A

In arthropods, the process of shedding an old exoskeleton and secreting a new, larger one

69
Q

Horseshoe crab

A

“living fossil” w/ little change

70
Q

Arachnids

A

A member of a major arthropod group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

71
Q

Crustaceans

A

A member of a major arthropod group that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles

72
Q

Millipedes

A

Wormlike landlubbers that eat decaying plant matter (2 pairs of legs per segment)

73
Q

Centipedes

A

Terrestrial carnivores w/ poisonous claws and one pair of legs for each segment

74
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

The transformation of young/larvae into adults that are similar to the young except in size/body proportions
- orthoptera, odonata, hemiptera

75
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment, than the larva
- coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, hymenoptera

76
Q

What are the 7 common orders of insects?

A

1) Orthoptera
- have biting/chewing mouthparts and herbivorous
2) Odonata
- 2 pairs of similar wings and biting mouthpart (carnivorous)
3) Hemiptera
- true bugs, piercing/sucking mouthparts, 2 pairs of wings
4) Coleoptera
- beetles, occur everywhere, biting/chewing mouthpart, carnivorous/herbivores/omnivores, 2 pairs of wings
5) Lepidoptera
- moth/butterfly, 2 pairs of wings covered by scales, mouthpart is a long drinking tube that coils
6) Diptera
- flies, single pairs of wings, small/club shaped organs (halteres) for maintaining balance, lapping mouthparts
7) Hymenoptera
- 2 pairs of wings, narrow waist (ants, bees, wasps)

77
Q

Echinodermata

A

The phylum of echinoderms, including sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars; characterized by a rough or spiny skin, a water vascular system, an endoskeleton, and radial symmetry in adults

78
Q

Endoskeleton

A

A hard skeleton located w/in the soft tissues of an animal; includes spicules of sponges, the hard plates of echinoderms, and the cartilage and body skeletons of many vertebrae

79
Q

Water vascular system

A

In echinoderms, a radially arranged system of water filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet; the system provides movement & circulates water, facilitating gas exchange and waste disposal

80
Q

Chordata

A

The phylum of the chordates; characterized by a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, gill structures, and a post anal tail
- lancelets, tunicates, and vertebrates

81
Q

What are 4 distinct features of chordata?

A

1) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
2) Notochord
3) Gill structures
4) Post anal tail

82
Q

Notochord

A

A flexible, cartilage-like, longitudinal rod located b/w the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in embryos of many species

83
Q

Vertebrate

A

In chordate animal w/ a backbone

84
Q

Invertebrate

A

An animal that lacks a backbone

85
Q

Tunicates

A

One group of invertebrate chordates; stationary, saclike, large gill apparatus
- common on coral reefs, rocks, boats

86
Q

Lancelets

A

One group of invertebrate chordates; feed on suspended particles; exhibit the four features, segmented muscles

  • closest living relative to vertebrates
  • paedomorphosis (key to evolution)
87
Q

Cartilaginous fishes

A

flexible skeleton made of cartilage

88
Q

Lateral line system

A

A row of sensory organs along each side of a fish’s body; sensitive to changes in water pressure, it enables a fish to detect minor vibrations in the water

89
Q

Bony fish

A

Stiff skeleton reinforced by hard calcium salts

90
Q

Operculum

A

A protective flap on each side of a fish’s head that covers a chamber housing the girls (allows breathing w/o swimming)

91
Q

Swim bladder

A

A gas filled internal sac that helps body fish maintain buoyancy

92
Q

Ray finned fish

A

A bony fish having fins supported by thin flexible skeletal rays; all but one species of body fish are rayfin

93
Q

Lobe finned fish

A

A bony fish w/ strong muscular fins supported by long extinct except for coelacanth

94
Q

Amniotic Egg

A

A shelled egg in which an embryo develops w/in a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk; produces by reptiles, birds, and egg laying mammals, it enables them to complete their life cycles on dry land

95
Q

Ectothermic

A

An animal that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surrounding

96
Q

Endothermic

A

An animal that derives most of its body heat from its own metabolism

97
Q

Monotremes

A

An egg-laying mammal such as duck billed platypus

98
Q

Placenta

A

In the mammals, the organ that provides nutrients/oxygen to the embryo and helps dispose of its metabolic wastes; formed of the embryo’s chorion and the mother’s endometrial blood vessels

99
Q

Marsupials

A

A pouched mammal, such as a kangaroo, opossum, or koala; give birth to embryonic offspring that completes development while housed in a pouch and attached to nipples on the mother’s abdomen
- australia, new zealand, central/south america

100
Q

Marsupium

A

The external pouch on the abdomen of a female marsupial

101
Q

Eutherians

A

Placental mammals; those whose young complete their embryonic development w/in the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

102
Q

Placentals

A

Mammals whose young complete their embryonic development in the uterus, nourished via the mother’s blood vessels in the placenta

103
Q

Protostome

A

An animal w/ a coelom that develops from solid masses of cells that arise b/w the digestive tube and the body wall of the embryo; includes mollusks, annelids, and arthropods

104
Q

Deuterostome

A

An animal w/ a coelom that forms from hollow outgrowths of the digestive tube of the early embryo;includes echinoderms and chordates

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