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AP Biology > Ch. 15 Tracing Evolutionary History > Flashcards

Ch. 15 Tracing Evolutionary History Flashcards

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1
Q

Macroevolution

A

The main events in evolutionary history of life on Earth

  • Using evidence from sequence of fossils at different sites (strata)
  • eras -> periods -> epoch
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2
Q

What are the 4 eras?

A

1) Precambrian
2) Paleozoic
3) Mesozoic
4) Cenozoic

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3
Q

Do the record of rock tell the actual ages in years of fossils?

A

No. Only tells the chronicles of the relative age of fossils. The order of evolution.

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4
Q

Radiometric dating

A

A method for determining the age of fossils and rocks from the ratio of a radioactive isotope to the nonradioactive isotope of the same element in the sample

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5
Q

Continental Drift

A

A change in the position of continents resulting from the incessant slow movement (floating) of the plates of Earth’s crust on the underlying molten mantle. It has caused continents to periodically fuse and break up thru out geological history.

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6
Q

Pangaea

A

Super continent consisting of all the major land masses of Earth fused together; continental drift formed Pangaea near end of Paleozoic era

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7
Q

Laurasia

A

Northern landmass formed when continental drift split Pangaea during Mesozoic era

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8
Q

Gondwana

A

Southern landmass formed during the Mesozoic era when continental drift split Pangaea

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9
Q

What did Pangaea split into?

A

Laurasia and Gondwana

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10
Q

Plate Tectonic

A

Forces w/in planet Earth that causes movements of the crust, resulting in continental drift, volcanoes, and earthquakes

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11
Q

What is a result of mass extinction?

A

Massive dip in species diversity leads to explosive increase in diversity

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12
Q

How do key adaptations evolve?

A

1) Gradual refinement of existing structures for new functions
- exaptation
- structure adapted to alternate function
2) Changes that affect organism’s development
- mutations of genes

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13
Q

Exaptation

A

A structure that has evolved in one environment context and later becomes adapted for a different function in a different environmental context

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14
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

Retention of juvenile body features in an adult

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15
Q

What accounts for evolutionary trends?

A

Species that endure longest/greatest new # of species determines the direction of trend.

  • unequal survival/reproduction/speciation
  • evolution is response to interactions b/w organism and current environment
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16
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species/group of related species

17
Q

Phylogenic trees

A

A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships amongst organisms
- based on available evidence

18
Q

Systematics

A

Scientific study of biological diversity and its classification

19
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

A two-part, Latinized name of a species

- genus + species

20
Q

Genus

A

In classification, the taxonomic category above species; first part of binomial

21
Q

Taxons

A

A proper name in the taxonomic hierarchy used to classify organisms

22
Q

What is the order of taxon?

A

1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phyla (subphylum)
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species

23
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Adaptive change resulting in non homologous (analogous) similarities among organisms; species from different evolutionary lineages come to represent each other (evolve analogous structures) as a result of living in very similar environments

24
Q

Amino Acid Sequencing

A

determining the sequence of amino acid in polypeptide

  • most precise
  • degree of similarity in sequence = degree in phylogenetic relationship b/w species
25
Q

What are the two tools of systematics for molecular biology?

A

1) Protein Comparison

2) DNA & RNA Comparisons

26
Q

DNA – DNA hybridization

A

A method of determining the relatedness b/w different species by measuring the extent of hydrogen bonding between single strands of their DNA molecules; also refers more generally to hydrogen bonding b/w DNA from any two sources (for example, b/w an organism’s DNA and a chemically synthesized DNA probe)

27
Q

DNA Sequence Analysis

A

Determination of nucleotide sequences of segments of DNA

28
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Sequence Analysis

A

Determination of nucleotide sequence in ribosomal RNA molecules

29
Q

What are the three methods of DNA & RNA Comparisons?

A

1) DNA - DNA Hybridization
2) DNA Sequence Analysis
3) Ribosomal (rRNA) Sequence Analysis

30
Q

Cladistic Analysis

A

The study of evolutionary history; specifically, the scientific search for monophyletic taxa (elades), taxonomic groups composed of an ancestor and all its descendants

31
Q

Monophyletic taxa

A

a taxonomic group composed of an ancestor and all of its descendants

32
Q

outgroup

A

in a cladistics study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, a taxon or group of taxa w/ a known relationship to, but not a member of, the taxa being studied

33
Q

ingroup

A

a cladistics study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed

34
Q

Derived Characters

A

homologous features that have changed from a primitive (ancestral) condition and that are unique to an evolutionary lineage; features not found in ancestors of the lineage

35
Q

Primitive Characters

A

homologous features in members of a lineage and also in the ancestors of the lineage; ancestral features (use outgroup)

36
Q

Parsimony

A

in scientific studies, the search for the least complex explanation for an observed phenomenon

37
Q

5 kingdom classification schemes?

A

1) Monera
2) Plantae
3) Fungi
4) Animalia
5) Protista

38
Q

3 domain classification schemes?

A

1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Eukarya

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