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AP Biology > Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve > Flashcards

Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary Adaptation

A

An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change in a population or species over generations; all the changes that transform life on earth; the heritable changes that have produced Earth’s diversity of organisms

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3
Q

What was Darwin’s main idea?

A

Species change overtime and living species have arisen from earlier forms

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4
Q

Fossils

A

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past

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5
Q

What did Darwin write?

A

“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

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6
Q

How does petrification/fossil develop?

A

Minderals dissolved in ground water, seep into tissues of a dead organism and replaces the organic matter

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7
Q

Fossile Record

A

The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geological time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
- position in strata = age

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8
Q

Biogeography

A

The geological distribution of species

- historical contest of evolution

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9
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

The comparison of body structures in different species

- anatomical similarities = common descent

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10
Q

Homologous structure

A

Structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry

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11
Q

What does “Evolution is a remodeling process” mean?

A

Ancestral structures originally function in one capacity are modified with new functions
- descent with modification

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12
Q

Comparative Embryology

A

The study of structures that appear during the development of different organisms
- closely related = similar stages in embryonic development

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13
Q

Molecular Biology

A

The study of molecular basis of gene and gene expression

- universality of genetic code

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14
Q

What are 4 evidence that validates the evolutionary view of life?

A

1) Biogeography
2) Comparative anatomy
3) Comparative embryology
4) Molecular biology
5) Fossils

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15
Q

How does population affect natural selection?

A

All species tend to produce excessive # of offspring, so natural resources are limited and there is a struggle to survive

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16
Q

Natural Selection

A

Differential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from interactions with the environment; evolution occurs when natural selection produces change in relative frequencies of alleles in a population’s gene pool

  • gradual change in characteristics of population (Favored accumulates)
  • screens variation

Nature determines which organisms live/die

  • depends on adaptations
  • survival of the fitness
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17
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding of domesticated plants/animals to promote the occurrence of desirable inherited traits in offspring

  • modifying species
  • over short time

Man determines who lives/dies
- selective breeding and could explain earth’s diversity

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18
Q

What accounts for evolution of new species?

A

Heritable changes gradually accumulate

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19
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

Developed to explain the changes of organisms through time

- how organisms of past become organisms of today

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20
Q

Why was there a belief of “species are fixed and unchanging”?

A

Religion and short lifespan –> no observation or explanation

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21
Q

Who was Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A

First to oppose to species are not fond yet that changed.

  • Law of Use and Disuse (muscles only)
  • Law of inheritance of acquired characteristics
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22
Q

What are Charles Darwin’s 5 assumptions?

A

1) There are more organisms born than can possibly survive
2) Limited amount of resources available
3) Variations exist among members of a species (differences)
4) Organisms with favorable variations to environment are well adapted and survive
5) These organisms mate and pass variation to offspring

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23
Q

Do humans obey natural selection?

A

No

24
Q

Populations

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in same geographic area

  • smallest units that can evolve
  • problem solutions: adapt, move, die
  • change gradually over successive generations based on how adapted
25
Q

Population Genetics

A

Science of genetic changes in populations and of microevolutionary changes

  • how populations of species evolve
  • predicts how/when many of the traits will appear
  • frequency of alleles changes with environment
26
Q

Gene Pool

A

Total collection of all genes in population at any one time

27
Q

Microevolution

A

Small changes in the gene pool over a number of generations

28
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

The shuffling of genes that occur during reproduction is not enough to change the genetic make up of populations

1) p+ q = 1
2) p^2 + 2pg + q^2
3) Gene frequency tend to remain constant b/w generations provided there is…
- mutation, gene flow, gene drift, natural selection, non-random mating
* Rarely met in nature

29
Q

Mutation

A

change or error in genetic code that produces new alleles (creates variation)
- beneficial = raw material of evolution

30
Q

Gene Flow

A

Migration, movement of individuals in/out of populations

31
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Chance, change in gene pool due to change

  • only some with small populations (<100)
  • bottle neck effect & founder effect
32
Q

Bottle neck effect

A

Population size is reduced drastically due to a natural environment

33
Q

Founder effect

A

A new area is colonized by a group creates genetic drift

34
Q

Modern Synthesis

A

A comprehensive theory of evolution that incorporates genetics and includes most of Darwin’s ideas, focusing on populations as the fundamental units of evolution

35
Q

Sexual species

A

A biological species; a group of populations with potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

36
Q

5 Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

1) Population is very large
2) Population is isolated (no migrations of individual + allele)
3) Mutations do not alter the gene pool
4) Mating is random
5) All individuals are equal in reproductive success so natural selection doesn’t occur
* rarely ever met

37
Q

What are the 5 deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

1) Genetic drift
2) Gene flow
3) Mutation
4) Non random mating
5) Natural selection

38
Q

Morphs

A

2+ kinds of individuals/forms of phenotypic characteristic in a population

39
Q

Polymorphism

A

The existence of different forms; may pertain to a population in which 2+ morphs are present in readily available frequencies

40
Q

Cline

A

A gradation in an inherited trait along a geographical continuum; variation in a population’s phenotypic features that parallels an environmental gradient (variable)

41
Q

What two random processes generate variation?

A

1) Mutations

2) Sexual recombination

42
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Greater reproductive success in heterozygous individuals compared to homozygous

43
Q

Neutral variation

A

Genetic variation that provides no apparent selective advantage for some individuals over otehrs

44
Q

What does “survival of the fitness” mean?

A

Survival of genes, not individuals or organisms

45
Q

Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contribution of other individuals in the population

46
Q

What does it mean to be the “fittest” organism?

A

You pass on the greatest # of genes

47
Q

What are the 3 modes of natural selection?

A

1) Stabilizing selection
2) Directional selection
3) Diversifying selection

48
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
- stable environment that reduces phenotypic variation

49
Q

Directional selection

A

Natural selection that acts against the relatively rare individuals at one end of a phenotypic range
- common with environmental changes

50
Q

Diversifying selection

A

Natural selection that favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes

51
Q

How does human activity affect variations in populations? Examples?

A

Decreasing genetic variation (less opportunity)

- pollution, burning fossil fuel, pesticides, habitat destruction, overheating, introduction of non-native organisms

52
Q

Examples of natural causes that variation in populations…

A

Drought, disease, floods, volcanoes, hurricanes

53
Q

Loss of biodiversity is…

A

Human activity plus natural causes

54
Q

What are the conditions of loss of biodiversity?

A

1) Threatened species
2) Endangered species
3) Extinct

55
Q

Why are small populations problematic?

A

There is too few variation.

  • no genetic makeup to adapt
  • inbreeding
56
Q

What are solutions to loss of biodiversity?

A

1) Captive Breeding Program
2) Wildlife Preserves
3) Germ Plasm Bank
4) Changing Human Behavior

AP Biology (32 decks)

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