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AP Biology > Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Function and Structure > Flashcards

Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Function and Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is structure always related to?

A

Function

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure (size, shape, material)

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Function (how work together)

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4
Q

Division of Labor

A

All living organisms are a collection of specialized parts

  • each part has specific tasks
  • all components must cooperate to benefit the whole
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5
Q

What is the structural hierarchy?

A

1) Cell
2) Tissue
3) Organ
4) Organ System
5) Organism

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6
Q

Specialized Cell

A

All the same at one point but differentiation occurs when only certain genes are expressed and proteins made
- nerve, muscles, red blood cells

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7
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells connected together to perform specific function

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8
Q

What are the types of tissue?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle

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9
Q

Epithelial (Tissue)

A

Sheets of closely packed cells that cover body surfaces both inside/outside

  • lines organs and passageways/tubes
  • held down by basement membrane
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10
Q

How is epithelial tissue named?

A

of cells and shape

  • simple or stratified
  • squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
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11
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Dense mat of fibrous proteins
- the extracellular matrix, consisting of a dense mat of proteins and sticky polysaccharids, that anchor an epithelium to underlying tissues

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12
Q

Connective (Tissue)

A

Specialized cells thru extracellular matrix forming web of fibers

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13
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue?

A

1) Loose Connective Tissue
2) Adipose
3) Blood
4) Fibrous Connective Tissue
5) Cartilage
6) Bone

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14
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Loose web of fibers made of collagen (rope like protein) for binding/packing material
- holds organs down

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15
Q

Adipose

A

Pads, insulates, stores energy

- contains large fat droplet (swells w/ fat, shrinks w/o)

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16
Q

Blood

A

55% plasma 45% corpuscles (blood cells)

- transport materials, fight infection

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17
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Densely packed bundle of collagen fibers

- ligaments and tendons

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18
Q

Cartilage

A

Collagen fibers covered in rubbery fibers

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19
Q

Bone

A

Living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium
- living marrow and non living matrix of cells

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20
Q

Muscles (Tissue)

A

Bundles of long cells (muscle fibers)

- most common tissue

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21
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac
4) Nerve

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22
Q

Skeletal (muscle)

A

Attach to bones by tendons

  • voluntary
  • striated (light/dark bands)
  • retract rapidly but fatigue quickly
  • fixed number of skeletal muscle tissue
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23
Q

Smooth (muscle)

A

Lines the organs and passageways

  • involuntary
  • shaped like spindles
  • slow contraction, slow fatigue
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24
Q

Cardiac (muscle)

A

Contractile tissue in heart

- looks skeletal, acts like smooth but branched cells

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25
Nerve (muscle)
Coordinates bodily activities - provides ability to respond to environment (send info) - detects stimuli, sends message, determines response, directs behavior - made of neurons
26
What are neurons?
Nerve cell - fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system, specialized for carrying signals from one location in the body to another - cell body, dendrites, axons - sends electrochemical impulses
27
Organs
A structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions
28
What are the types of Organ Systems?
1) Digestive 2) Respiratory 3) Circulatory 4) Lymphatic 5) Immune 6) Excretory 7) Endocrine Gland 8) Reproductive 9) Nervous 10) Muscular 11) Skeletal 12) Integumentary
29
Digestive System
Ingests food, breaks down food, absorbs nutrients - digestion mainly in stomach and small intestines - large intestine absorbs water and compacts indigestible materials into feces - live discharges bile, metabolic reactions, producing blood protein, remove toxins and worn out cells from blood
30
Respiratory System
``` Exchange gases (O2 and CO2) b/w internal and external environment - air goes into mouth/nose -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> lungs (reverse) ```
31
Circulatory System
Circulate blood thru out body, deliver oxygen/materials, dispose of waste
32
Lymphatic System
Returns lymph fluid that leaks out of blood vessels; fights infections - the organ system thru which lymph circulates; includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen; helps remove toxins and pathogens from body and interstitial fluid, and returns fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid to circulatory system
33
Immune System
Protects body by attacking foreign substances | - lymphocytes (manufacture antibodies)
34
Excretory System
Removes nitrogen from blood (cellular metabolism) - kidneys regulate osmotic balance, proper pH - urine -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
35
Endocrine Gland
Glands + Hormones - regulates growth (homeostasis) - the organ system consisting of ductless glands that secrete hormones and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to the hormones; cooperates w/ nervous system in regulating body functions + maintaining homeostasis
36
Reproductive System
Creates new life. - different by gender, can survive w/o - preservation of species, not individual
37
Nervous System
Coordinates body activities; responds to internal and external stimuli
38
Muscular System
Locomotion (movement), protection, generate heat
39
Skeletal System
Provides support, protection, mineral storage, and corpuscles
40
Integumentary System
Skin, largest system | - protects from dehydration, infection, injury, temperature extremes
41
Organism
Living individual | - only survive w/ cooperative interaction b/w all parts
42
What are the 2 sides of epithelial tissue?
1) "Free surface" | 2) Anchored by basement membrane
43
Mucous Membrane
Smooth, moist, epithelium that lines the digestive tract and air tubes leading to the lungs
44
Ligaments
Attach bone to muscle
45
Tendons
Attaches bones together
46
Dendrite
Conveys signals toward cell body
47
Axon
Transmits signals away from body (to neuron)
48
Cardiovascular System
A closed circulartory system w/ a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins
49
Computed Tomography (CT)
A technology that uses a computer to create X-ray images of a series of sections thru the body - HD video images of cross section or combined for 3D view - detects b/w small differences of normal and abnormal tissues in organs (evaluate brain problems)
50
What are the three failures of X-Rays?
1) Soft tissue is not visible 2) Flat 2D image 3) Can cause cancer
51
How do X-Rays work?
High energy radiation hits the body and passes thru tissue easily. Those that it does, the shadow appears distinctly on the film paper so bones and tumors
52
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Imaging technology that uses magnetism and radio waves to induce hydrogen nuclei in water molecules to emit faint radio signals; a computer creates images of the body from the radio signals - good for detecting problems in nervous tissue surrounding bone - shows tissue b/c water is major component and bones don't have water
53
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Imaging technology that uses radioactively labeled biological molecules, such as glucose, to obtain info about metabolic processes at specific locations in the body; the labeled molecules are injected into the bloodstream and a PET scan for radioactive emissions determines which tissues have taken up the molecules - insight into brain activity
54
Interstitial Fluid
An aqueous solution that surrounds body cells and thru which materials pass back and forth b/w the blood and body tissues - fluid that bathes all of the cells
55
Homeostasis
The steady state of body functioning; a state of equilibrium characterized by a dynamic interplay b/w outside forces that tend to change an organism's internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes - maintaining balance
56
Negative Feedback
A control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction, pathway, or gland; as the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produced them - prevent small changes from becoming too large
57
What must all organisms exchange with environment?
In: nutrients, oxygen, and water Out: waster and carbon
58
What do all single celled and simple multicellular organisms have in common?
All cells are in direct contact with needs. - diffusion occurs - direct exchange - surface area is almost equal to volume
59
How does complex multicellular organisms obtain nutrients if their cells not in contact with environment?
Specialized exchange structures b/c surface area is to volume is too small, so use internal surfaces, organs, tissues, organ system, and interstitial fluid.
60
What are the 3 requirements that must be met for site of exchange?
1) Extensive Surface Area - more interstitial fluid is in contact w/ tissue - folds, ridges, grooves, branching, projections 2) Must be thin - diffusion can only travel a short distance 3) Moist - so diffusion can occur
61
What are examples of homeostasis?
Temperature, pH, water concentration, salt concentration, oxygen/carbon dioxide concentration, nutrients and wastes

AP Biology (32 decks)

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