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AP Biology > Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Function and Structure > Flashcards

Ch. 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Function and Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is structure always related to?

A

Function

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure (size, shape, material)

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Function (how work together)

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4
Q

Division of Labor

A

All living organisms are a collection of specialized parts

  • each part has specific tasks
  • all components must cooperate to benefit the whole
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5
Q

What is the structural hierarchy?

A

1) Cell
2) Tissue
3) Organ
4) Organ System
5) Organism

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6
Q

Specialized Cell

A

All the same at one point but differentiation occurs when only certain genes are expressed and proteins made
- nerve, muscles, red blood cells

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7
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells connected together to perform specific function

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8
Q

What are the types of tissue?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle

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9
Q

Epithelial (Tissue)

A

Sheets of closely packed cells that cover body surfaces both inside/outside

  • lines organs and passageways/tubes
  • held down by basement membrane
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10
Q

How is epithelial tissue named?

A

of cells and shape

  • simple or stratified
  • squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
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11
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Dense mat of fibrous proteins
- the extracellular matrix, consisting of a dense mat of proteins and sticky polysaccharids, that anchor an epithelium to underlying tissues

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12
Q

Connective (Tissue)

A

Specialized cells thru extracellular matrix forming web of fibers

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13
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue?

A

1) Loose Connective Tissue
2) Adipose
3) Blood
4) Fibrous Connective Tissue
5) Cartilage
6) Bone

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14
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Loose web of fibers made of collagen (rope like protein) for binding/packing material
- holds organs down

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15
Q

Adipose

A

Pads, insulates, stores energy

- contains large fat droplet (swells w/ fat, shrinks w/o)

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16
Q

Blood

A

55% plasma 45% corpuscles (blood cells)

- transport materials, fight infection

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17
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Densely packed bundle of collagen fibers

- ligaments and tendons

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18
Q

Cartilage

A

Collagen fibers covered in rubbery fibers

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19
Q

Bone

A

Living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium
- living marrow and non living matrix of cells

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20
Q

Muscles (Tissue)

A

Bundles of long cells (muscle fibers)

- most common tissue

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21
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac
4) Nerve

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22
Q

Skeletal (muscle)

A

Attach to bones by tendons

  • voluntary
  • striated (light/dark bands)
  • retract rapidly but fatigue quickly
  • fixed number of skeletal muscle tissue
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23
Q

Smooth (muscle)

A

Lines the organs and passageways

  • involuntary
  • shaped like spindles
  • slow contraction, slow fatigue
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24
Q

Cardiac (muscle)

A

Contractile tissue in heart

- looks skeletal, acts like smooth but branched cells

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25
Q

Nerve (muscle)

A

Coordinates bodily activities

  • provides ability to respond to environment (send info)
  • detects stimuli, sends message, determines response, directs behavior
  • made of neurons
26
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cell

  • fundamental structural and functional unit of the nervous system, specialized for carrying signals from one location in the body to another
  • cell body, dendrites, axons
  • sends electrochemical impulses
27
Q

Organs

A

A structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions

28
Q

What are the types of Organ Systems?

A

1) Digestive
2) Respiratory
3) Circulatory
4) Lymphatic
5) Immune
6) Excretory
7) Endocrine Gland
8) Reproductive
9) Nervous
10) Muscular
11) Skeletal
12) Integumentary

29
Q

Digestive System

A

Ingests food, breaks down food, absorbs nutrients

  • digestion mainly in stomach and small intestines
  • large intestine absorbs water and compacts indigestible materials into feces
  • live discharges bile, metabolic reactions, producing blood protein, remove toxins and worn out cells from blood
30
Q

Respiratory System

A 
Exchange gases (O2 and CO2) b/w internal and external environment
- air goes into mouth/nose -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> lungs (reverse)
31
Q

Circulatory System

A

Circulate blood thru out body, deliver oxygen/materials, dispose of waste

32
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Returns lymph fluid that leaks out of blood vessels; fights infections
- the organ system thru which lymph circulates; includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen; helps remove toxins and pathogens from body and interstitial fluid, and returns fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid to circulatory system

33
Q

Immune System

A

Protects body by attacking foreign substances

- lymphocytes (manufacture antibodies)

34
Q

Excretory System

A

Removes nitrogen from blood (cellular metabolism)

  • kidneys regulate osmotic balance, proper pH
  • urine -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
35
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Glands + Hormones

  • regulates growth (homeostasis)
  • the organ system consisting of ductless glands that secrete hormones and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to the hormones; cooperates w/ nervous system in regulating body functions + maintaining homeostasis
36
Q

Reproductive System

A

Creates new life.

  • different by gender, can survive w/o
  • preservation of species, not individual
37
Q

Nervous System

A

Coordinates body activities; responds to internal and external stimuli

38
Q

Muscular System

A

Locomotion (movement), protection, generate heat

39
Q

Skeletal System

A

Provides support, protection, mineral storage, and corpuscles

40
Q

Integumentary System

A

Skin, largest system

- protects from dehydration, infection, injury, temperature extremes

41
Q

Organism

A

Living individual

- only survive w/ cooperative interaction b/w all parts

42
Q

What are the 2 sides of epithelial tissue?

A

1) “Free surface”

2) Anchored by basement membrane

43
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Smooth, moist, epithelium that lines the digestive tract and air tubes leading to the lungs

44
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to muscle

45
Q

Tendons

A

Attaches bones together

46
Q

Dendrite

A

Conveys signals toward cell body

47
Q

Axon

A

Transmits signals away from body (to neuron)

48
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

A closed circulartory system w/ a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins

49
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

A technology that uses a computer to create X-ray images of a series of sections thru the body

  • HD video images of cross section or combined for 3D view
  • detects b/w small differences of normal and abnormal tissues in organs (evaluate brain problems)
50
Q

What are the three failures of X-Rays?

A

1) Soft tissue is not visible
2) Flat 2D image
3) Can cause cancer

51
Q

How do X-Rays work?

A

High energy radiation hits the body and passes thru tissue easily. Those that it does, the shadow appears distinctly on the film paper so bones and tumors

52
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Imaging technology that uses magnetism and radio waves to induce hydrogen nuclei in water molecules to emit faint radio signals; a computer creates images of the body from the radio signals

  • good for detecting problems in nervous tissue surrounding bone
  • shows tissue b/c water is major component and bones don’t have water
53
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Imaging technology that uses radioactively labeled biological molecules, such as glucose, to obtain info about metabolic processes at specific locations in the body; the labeled molecules are injected into the bloodstream and a PET scan for radioactive emissions determines which tissues have taken up the molecules
- insight into brain activity

54
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

An aqueous solution that surrounds body cells and thru which materials pass back and forth b/w the blood and body tissues
- fluid that bathes all of the cells

55
Q

Homeostasis

A

The steady state of body functioning; a state of equilibrium characterized by a dynamic interplay b/w outside forces that tend to change an organism’s internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes
- maintaining balance

56
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction, pathway, or gland; as the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produced them
- prevent small changes from becoming too large

57
Q

What must all organisms exchange with environment?

A

In: nutrients, oxygen, and water
Out: waster and carbon

58
Q

What do all single celled and simple multicellular organisms have in common?

A

All cells are in direct contact with needs.

  • diffusion occurs
  • direct exchange
  • surface area is almost equal to volume
59
Q

How does complex multicellular organisms obtain nutrients if their cells not in contact with environment?

A

Specialized exchange structures b/c surface area is to volume is too small, so use internal surfaces, organs, tissues, organ system, and interstitial fluid.

60
Q

What are the 3 requirements that must be met for site of exchange?

A

1) Extensive Surface Area
- more interstitial fluid is in contact w/ tissue
- folds, ridges, grooves, branching, projections
2) Must be thin
- diffusion can only travel a short distance
3) Moist
- so diffusion can occur

61
Q

What are examples of homeostasis?

A

Temperature, pH, water concentration, salt concentration, oxygen/carbon dioxide concentration, nutrients and wastes

AP Biology (32 decks)

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