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AP Biology > Ch. 5 The Working Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 5 The Working Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to perform work

  • measured by how it affects matter
  • makes change possible
  • needed by all organism
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2
Q

Kinetic

A

Energy of motion

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3
Q

Potential

A

Stored energy

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4
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy used by living cells/organisms

- type of potential energy

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5
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformations

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6
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Conservation of energy. Total energy is constant. Not created or destroyed.

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7
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Entropy increases. When energy is transformed, some is lost as heat.

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8
Q

What are the two types of chemical reaction?

A

Exergonic and Endergonic

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9
Q

Exergonic (exothermic)

A

Energy out. Bonds are broken and heat released by reactants.

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10
Q

Endergonic (endothermic)

A

Energy in. Bonds formed and energy is stored by products.

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11
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

Combining exothermic to then produce endothermic. One reaction provides energy for another reaction.

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12
Q

What are the three products of oxygen and glucose?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, and ATP.

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13
Q

Why don’t cells just use glucose?

A

Glucose is too big/too much and more than the body can handle (110 kcal/mole). ATP is more manageable (7.3 kcal/mole).

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14
Q

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

A

Universal energy currency for life. Made of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates.

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15
Q

Activation Energy (Ea)

A

Amount of energy required for chemical reactions to occur. Energy barrier that prevents spontaneous reactions.

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16
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substance that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering Ea.

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17
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological protein catalyst made fo amino acids. Increases the rate of a reaction but not altered by it, so reusable (reversible). Catalyzes one specific reaction determined by structure.

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18
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A reactant that enzyme works on. The molecule that will be altered as it binds to the activation site of an enzyme.

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19
Q

What three situations lead to denaturation?

A

pH concentration, salt concentration, and temperature.

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20
Q

What are two non-protein helps for enzymes?

A

Cofactors and coenzymes.

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21
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Inorganic substances such as minerals that help an enzyme catalyze a metabolic reaction.

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22
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic substances such as vitamins that helps an enzyme catalyze a metabolic reaction.

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23
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Prevent enzyme activity.

- competitive and non competitive

24
Q

What is an competitive competitor?

A

Resembles enzyme’s substrate so it blocks substrate from the active site.

25
Q

What is a non-competitive?

A

Doesn’t resemble substrate but it blocks the active site.

26
Q

Heat

A

Energy of movement of molecules in a body of matter.

27
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of disorder

28
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Energy releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules (glucose) and the storage of PE in form that cells can use to perform work (ATP)

29
Q

What is cellular metabolism?

A

Chemical activities of cells

30
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The transfer of a phosphate group usually from aTP to a molecule

31
Q

What happens to ATP after hydrolysis?

A

A phosphate is removed. ATP turns into ADP. Energy is released.

32
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A controle mechanism so the reaction is inhibited by it’s products. The higher concentration of products then product inhibits process that made them.

33
Q

Selective permeability

A

Property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than other s and blocks the passage of other substances altogether.

34
Q

What is the fluid mosaic?

A

Description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid.

35
Q

What forms the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Phospholipid where head (phosphate) with is polar and a tail (2 fatty acid) which is non polar.

36
Q

What is a receptor?

A

On or in a cell, a specific protein molecule whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger.

37
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

In cell biology, a series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell’s surface into a specific response inside a cell

38
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spontaneous movement of particles of any kind of where they are high concentrated to where they are low concentrated.
- passive transport

39
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any input of energy.

40
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

Increase and decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area.
- diffuse till equilibrium

41
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

42
Q

Hypertonic

A

Two solutions, one with greater solute concentration

- Cells will shrivel/die in this

43
Q

Hypotonic

A

Two solutions, one with lower solute concentration

  • Animal cells will grain water, swell, pop (lyse)
  • Plant cells will be healthiest (cell wall prevents pop)
44
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution having the same solute concentration as another

  • Animal cell is isotonic
  • Plant cell is flaccid and will wilt
45
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Control of the gain/loss of water and dissolved solutes in an organism.

46
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The passage of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport protein via pore
- passive transport

47
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by a specific transport protein and requiring input of energy (ATP)

48
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of materials out of a cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles

49
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of materials into the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles/vacuoles.

50
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular “eating”

- a cell engulfs macromolecules or cells/particles into its cytoplasm

51
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular “drinking”

- cell fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles

52
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Moment of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles; contains proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in

53
Q

What is the primary role of mitochondria an chloroplast?

A

Harvest energy for cellular work

54
Q

What is the internal membranes responsible for?

A

1) Structure, building of organelles
2) Partition the cell, create order
3) Provide surface area for reactions

55
Q

What are the factors for selective permeability?

A 
Size (Smaller is easier to get in)
Lipid Soluble (More lipid soluble then easier to get in and dissolves)
Uncharged particle charge (has a charge more difficult)
56
Q

What is apart of the membrane structure?

A

Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins
Pore
Glycolipid and glycoprotein

57
Q

What is the propose of glycolipid and glycoprotein?

A

Cell recognition (ID tags).

AP Biology (32 decks)

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