Ch. 17 Fungi, Plants, & the Colonization of Land Flashcards
Mycorhiza
A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi
What is the difference between plants and algae?
Plants…
- adapted to terrestrial life
- leaf photosynthesizes
- cuticle and stomata
- stem supports the plant
- roots anchor the plant and absorb water
Algae…
- adapted to aquatic life
- supported by surrounding water
- whole alga photosynthesizes (absorbs water, CO2, and minerals)
- anchored by a holdfast
Cuticle
Waxy coating on surface of stems/leaves that help retain water (prevent water loss)
Stomata
A pore surrounded by the guard cells in the epidermis of leaf; when opened, CO2 enters leaf and water/O2 exit (allow gas exchange)
Vascular Tissue
network of cells forming narrow tubes, extends throughout plant body
Xylem
Made of dead cells forming microscopic pipes that convey water and minerals up from the roots
Phloem
Consist of living cells and distributes sugars throughout plant
What are the 2 types of vascular tissue?
Xylem and Phloem
Gametangia
A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of plants
Charophytes
A member of group of green algae closely related to plants; represent ancestors of plant kingdom
Sporangium
A bulbous structure at tips of some branches
Spore
A haploid cell can develop into multicellular individual w/o fusing with another cell
Bryophytes
One of a group of plants that lack xylem and phloem nonvascular plants (includes mosses and close relatives)
- Lack internal support and have flagellated sperm
Vascular Plant
A plant w/ xylem and phloem
- 2 types: seed and no seed
Seed
Plant embryo packaged with food supply w/ protective covering
Pollination
In seed plants, the delivery, by wind/animals, of pollen from male parts of plant to stigma of a carpel on a female
Gymnosperms
naked seed plant; its seed said to be naked b/c it is not enclosed in fruit
Angiosperm
Flowering plant, which forms seeds inside protective chamber called an overy
What are the 2 types of seeds?
1) Gymnosperms
2) Angiosperms
What are the 4 adaptations of life (main lineages of plant kingdom)?
1) Gametangia - protect gamete/zygote/embryo
2) Vascular Tissue - give rise to modern plant
3) Seeds - dominates plant kingdom
4) Flowers - dominates the seed plants
Explain Alternation of Generation
- Haploid male/female gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
- Fertilization occurs in diploid zygote
- Zygote undergoes mitosis and develops into diploid sporophyte
- Sporophyte produces haploid spores in meiosis
- Complete 1 life cycle – spore develops by mitosis into multicellular haploid gametophyte
Sporophytes
diploid (2n) individuals
Gametophyte
Haploid (n) individuals
Explain the life cycle of a fern.
Dominant sporophyte (most plants)
- Gametophyte have flagellated sperm that require moisture to get to egg
- Zygote remains on gametophyte
- Develops into sporophyte
- Cells in sporangia undergo meiosis producing haploid spores
- Spores are released & developed into gametophytes by mitosis
Fossil Fuels
energy deposit formed from the remains of extinct organisms
Conifers
Gymnosperm, or naked seed plant, produces cone
Ovules
Reproductive structure in seed plant; contains female gametophyte and developing egg develops into seed
Pollen Grains
In seed plant, male gametophyte develops w/in the anthers of stamens
Flowers
in angiosperm, short stem w/ four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction
Sepals
modified leaf of flowering plant; encloses and protects flower bud before it opens
Petals
modified lead of flowering plant; often colorful parts of flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators
Carpel
female part of flower, consisting of stalk w/ an ovary at base and stigma, which traps pollen, at tip (female)
Ovary
Basal portion of carpel in which egg – containing ovules - develops
Stigma
sticky tip of flower’s carpel, which traps pollen grains
Stamen
pollen producing male reproductive part of flower, consisting of stalk and anther (male)
Anther
Sac which pollen grains develop, located at tip of stamen
What are the parts of a flower?
Sepals, petals
Stamen and anther
Carpel, stigma, and ovary
Explain the life cycle of angiosperm
- Haploid spores in anthers develop in pollen grains; male gametophytes
- Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gametophyte, which produces egg
- Pollination and growth of pollen tube
- Creates zygote
- Seed develops from each ovule
- Ovary wall thickens, forming fruit that encloses the seeds
- Seed germinates and embryo grows into plant
Fruit
Ripened, thickened ovary of flower, which protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom that contains fungi
Fungi
heterotrophic eukaryote that digests it food externally and absorbs resulting small nutrient molecules
Hyphae
one of many filaments making up body of fungus
Mycelium
densely branched network of hyphae in fungus
Dikaryotic phase
series of stages in life cycle of many fungi in which cells contain 2 nuclei
Fruiting Body
stage in organism’s life cycle that functions only in reproduction
Mating Types
group of sexually compatible individuals in population
Lichens
mutualistic association b/w fungus and alga or b/w fungus and cyanbacterium
