Ch. 17 Fungi, Plants, & the Colonization of Land

Question 1

Mycorhiza

Answer 1

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi

Question 2

What is the difference between plants and algae?

Answer 2

Plants…

• adapted to terrestrial life
• leaf photosynthesizes
• cuticle and stomata
• stem supports the plant
• roots anchor the plant and absorb water

Algae…

• adapted to aquatic life
• supported by surrounding water
• whole alga photosynthesizes (absorbs water, CO2, and minerals)
• anchored by a holdfast

Question 3

Cuticle

Answer 3

Waxy coating on surface of stems/leaves that help retain water (prevent water loss)

Question 4

Stomata

Answer 4

A pore surrounded by the guard cells in the epidermis of leaf; when opened, CO2 enters leaf and water/O2 exit (allow gas exchange)

Question 5

Vascular Tissue

Answer 5

network of cells forming narrow tubes, extends throughout plant body

Question 6

Xylem

Answer 6

Made of dead cells forming microscopic pipes that convey water and minerals up from the roots

Question 7

Phloem

Answer 7

Consist of living cells and distributes sugars throughout plant

Question 8

What are the 2 types of vascular tissue?

Answer 8

Xylem and Phloem

Question 9

Gametangia

Answer 9

A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of plants

Question 10

Charophytes

Answer 10

A member of group of green algae closely related to plants; represent ancestors of plant kingdom

Question 11

Sporangium

Answer 11

A bulbous structure at tips of some branches

Question 12

Spore

Answer 12

A haploid cell can develop into multicellular individual w/o fusing with another cell

Question 13

Bryophytes

Answer 13

One of a group of plants that lack xylem and phloem nonvascular plants (includes mosses and close relatives)
- Lack internal support and have flagellated sperm

Question 14

Vascular Plant

Answer 14

A plant w/ xylem and phloem

- 2 types: seed and no seed

Question 15

Seed

Answer 15

Plant embryo packaged with food supply w/ protective covering

Question 16

Pollination

Answer 16

In seed plants, the delivery, by wind/animals, of pollen from male parts of plant to stigma of a carpel on a female

Question 17

Gymnosperms

Answer 17

naked seed plant; its seed said to be naked b/c it is not enclosed in fruit

Question 18

Angiosperm

Answer 18

Flowering plant, which forms seeds inside protective chamber called an overy

Question 19

What are the 2 types of seeds?

Answer 19

1) Gymnosperms

2) Angiosperms

Question 20

What are the 4 adaptations of life (main lineages of plant kingdom)?

Answer 20

1) Gametangia - protect gamete/zygote/embryo
2) Vascular Tissue - give rise to modern plant
3) Seeds - dominates plant kingdom
4) Flowers - dominates the seed plants

Question 21

Explain Alternation of Generation

Answer 21

1. Haploid male/female gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
2. Fertilization occurs in diploid zygote
3. Zygote undergoes mitosis and develops into diploid sporophyte
4. Sporophyte produces haploid spores in meiosis
5. Complete 1 life cycle – spore develops by mitosis into multicellular haploid gametophyte

Question 22

Sporophytes

Answer 22

diploid (2n) individuals

Question 23

Gametophyte

Answer 23

Haploid (n) individuals

Question 24

Explain the life cycle of a fern.

Answer 24

Dominant sporophyte (most plants)

1. Gametophyte have flagellated sperm that require moisture to get to egg
2. Zygote remains on gametophyte
3. Develops into sporophyte
4. Cells in sporangia undergo meiosis producing haploid spores
5. Spores are released & developed into gametophytes by mitosis

Question 25

Fossil Fuels

Answer 25

energy deposit formed from the remains of extinct organisms

Question 26

Conifers

Answer 26

Gymnosperm, or naked seed plant, produces cone

Question 27

Ovules

Answer 27

Reproductive structure in seed plant; contains female gametophyte and developing egg develops into seed

Question 28

Pollen Grains

Answer 28

In seed plant, male gametophyte develops w/in the anthers of stamens

Question 29

Flowers

Answer 29

in angiosperm, short stem w/ four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction

Question 30

Sepals

Answer 30

modified leaf of flowering plant; encloses and protects flower bud before it opens

Question 31

Petals

Answer 31

modified lead of flowering plant; often colorful parts of flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators

Question 32

Carpel

Answer 32

female part of flower, consisting of stalk w/ an ovary at base and stigma, which traps pollen, at tip (female)

Question 33

Ovary

Answer 33

Basal portion of carpel in which egg – containing ovules - develops

Question 34

Stigma

Answer 34

sticky tip of flower’s carpel, which traps pollen grains

Question 35

Stamen

Answer 35

pollen producing male reproductive part of flower, consisting of stalk and anther (male)

Question 36

Anther

Answer 36

Sac which pollen grains develop, located at tip of stamen

Question 37

What are the parts of a flower?

Answer 37

Sepals, petals Stamen and anther Carpel, stigma, and ovary

Question 38

Explain the life cycle of angiosperm

Answer 38

1. Haploid spores in anthers develop in pollen grains; male gametophytes 2. Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gametophyte, which produces egg 3. Pollination and growth of pollen tube 4. Creates zygote 5. Seed develops from each ovule 6. Ovary wall thickens, forming fruit that encloses the seeds 7. Seed germinates and embryo grows into plant

Question 39

Fruit

Answer 39

Ripened, thickened ovary of flower, which protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal

Question 40

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 40

Kingdom that contains fungi

Question 41

Fungi

Answer 41

heterotrophic eukaryote that digests it food externally and absorbs resulting small nutrient molecules

Question 42

Hyphae

Answer 42

one of many filaments making up body of fungus

Question 43

Mycelium

Answer 43

densely branched network of hyphae in fungus

Question 44

Dikaryotic phase

Answer 44

series of stages in life cycle of many fungi in which cells contain 2 nuclei

Question 45

Fruiting Body

Answer 45

stage in organism’s life cycle that functions only in reproduction

Question 46

Mating Types

Answer 46

group of sexually compatible individuals in population

Question 47

Lichens

Answer 47

mutualistic association b/w fungus and alga or b/w fungus and cyanbacterium