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AP Biology > Ch. 4 Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Tour of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Thin layer of lipids and proteins that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into/out of the cell
- consists of phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything inside a cell b/w the plasma membrane and nucleus; semi fluid medium and organelles

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3
Q

Organelle

A

A structure with specialized function in cell. Membrane bound.

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4
Q

Light Microscope

A

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them

  • only up to 1000 times
  • magnification and resolving power
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5
Q

Micrograph

A

Photograph thru microscope

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6
Q

Magnification

A

Increase in apparent size of an object

- multiply ocular by objective lens

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7
Q

Resolving Power

A

Clarity of an image

- distinguish one object from another

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8
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

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9
Q

Electron Microscope

A

An instrument that focuses on a electron beam thru/onto a specimen

  • electromagnets and beam of electrons
  • dead organisms due to vacuum
  • 2 types: Scanning and Transmission
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10
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Studies the details of the cell’s outer surface

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11
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Studies the details of internal cell structures

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12
Q

What does cell size vary upon?

A

Function. It also relates to surface area to volume ratio.

- Big enough for cytoplasm, DNA, and needed molecules

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13
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus/organelles

  • Bacteria/Archaea
  • small/primitive
  • lack ability to make internal membranes (thus organelles)
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14
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

Region with concentrated mass of DNA (direct contact with cell contents)

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelle of RNA and protein that functions as a protein synthesis site

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16
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Rigid cell wall surrounding plasma membrane to protect cell/maintain shape

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17
Q

Capsule

A

Sticky layer that surrounds bacterial cell wall

- protects and glues cell to surfaces

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18
Q

Pili

A

Short projections on cell surface that attach to others

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19
Q

Prokaryotic Flagella

A

Long cell surface projection ion that propels cell thru liquid environment

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20
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cell with membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles (eukarya)
- compartmentalization

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21
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

Chemical activities of cells occurs in fluid w/in organelles so multi-tasking possible
- needs homeostasis

22
Q

Nucleus

A

Genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell
- surrounded by nuclear envelope

Function: DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomal units

23
Q

Chromatin

A

Combo of DNA and proteins that constitute eukaryotic chromosomes (long fibers)

24
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread-like, gene-carrying structure most visible in mitosis/meiosis

25
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane, perforated with pores, that encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell
26
Nucleolus
Structure in nucleus where RNA is made and assembled with proteins
27
Endomembrane System
Network of membranous organelles that partition the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells into functional compartments
28
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Extensive membranous network continuous w/ outer nuclear membrane and composed of rough/smooth regions - manufacture/package
29
Rough ER
Network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins Function: Synthesis of membrane protein, secretory protein, hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles
30
Secretory Protein
Protein secreted from the cell (ex. antibody)
31
Smooth ER
Network of interconnected membranous tubules in cell's cytoplasm Function: Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism in liver cells, detoxification, calcium ion storage
32
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum Function: Modification, temporary storage, transport macromolecules, formation of lysosomes/transport vesicles
33
Lysosome
Digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest cell's food/waste. - only animals Function: Digestion of nutrients/bacteria/damaged organelles; destruction of cells
34
Vacuoles
Membrane enclosed sac (in endomembrane system) with various functions
35
Central vacuole
Membrane enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a plant cell with diverse role in reproduction, growth, and development
36
Chloroplasts
Organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists; enclosed by two concentric membranes; site of photosynthesis - stroma, thylakoids, grana Function: Light energy to chemical energy of sugars
37
Mitochondria
An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs; enclosed by 2 concentric membranes, it is where cell's ATP is made from sugars - inter membrane space and mitochondrial space Function: Chemical energy to ATP
38
Cristae
fold of inner membrane of a mitochondrion; enzymes embedded in it to make ATP
39
Cytoskeleton
Framework of fine fibers that extend thru cytoplasm that function as structure/shape - microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules Function: Shape, anchor organelles, movement of cell/organelles, signal transmission
40
Microfilaments
Thinnest of 3 protein fibers of cytoskeleton; a solid helical rod composed of globular protein actin; help some cells chance shape/move by assembling at one end and disassembling at another - cell contraction
41
Intermediate filaments
An intermediate sized protein fiber that is one of of 3 making up cytoskeleton; rope like, made of fibrous proteins - reinforcing for tension, anchoring organelles
42
Microtubules
Thickest of 3 fibers making up cytoskeleton; straight hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins; basis of structure and movement of cilia/flagella - disassembled/reused - anchoring/tracking movement of organelles
43
Cilia
Short, numerous appendages that propel protists
44
Flagella
Long, generally less numerous appendages on other protists (9:2 ratio)
45
Cell Junctions
A structure that connects tissue cells to one another
46
Plasmodesmata
An open channel in a plant cell wall, through which strands of cytoplasm connect form adjacent walls (allows cells to pass molecules)
47
Extracellular Matrix
A substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded consists of protein/polysaccharides - helps hold cells in tissues w/ protection/support
48
Tight Junctions
Junction that binds tissue cells together in a leakproof sheet
49
Anchoring Junctions
Junction that connects tissue cells to each other and allows materials to pass from cell to cell.
50
Communicating Junctions
Channel b/w adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely
51
What are the 4 categories of Eukaryotic cell organelles?
1) Manufacture 2) Breakdown/Recycle 3) Energy Processing 4) Support/Movement/Communication

AP Biology (32 decks)

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