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AP Biology > Ch. 4 Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Thin layer of lipids and proteins that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into/out of the cell
- consists of phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything inside a cell b/w the plasma membrane and nucleus; semi fluid medium and organelles

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3
Q

Organelle

A

A structure with specialized function in cell. Membrane bound.

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4
Q

Light Microscope

A

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them

  • only up to 1000 times
  • magnification and resolving power
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5
Q

Micrograph

A

Photograph thru microscope

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6
Q

Magnification

A

Increase in apparent size of an object

- multiply ocular by objective lens

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7
Q

Resolving Power

A

Clarity of an image

- distinguish one object from another

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8
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

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9
Q

Electron Microscope

A

An instrument that focuses on a electron beam thru/onto a specimen

  • electromagnets and beam of electrons
  • dead organisms due to vacuum
  • 2 types: Scanning and Transmission
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10
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Studies the details of the cell’s outer surface

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11
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Studies the details of internal cell structures

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12
Q

What does cell size vary upon?

A

Function. It also relates to surface area to volume ratio.

- Big enough for cytoplasm, DNA, and needed molecules

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13
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus/organelles

  • Bacteria/Archaea
  • small/primitive
  • lack ability to make internal membranes (thus organelles)
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14
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

Region with concentrated mass of DNA (direct contact with cell contents)

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelle of RNA and protein that functions as a protein synthesis site

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16
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Rigid cell wall surrounding plasma membrane to protect cell/maintain shape

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17
Q

Capsule

A

Sticky layer that surrounds bacterial cell wall

- protects and glues cell to surfaces

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18
Q

Pili

A

Short projections on cell surface that attach to others

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19
Q

Prokaryotic Flagella

A

Long cell surface projection ion that propels cell thru liquid environment

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20
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cell with membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles (eukarya)
- compartmentalization

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21
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

Chemical activities of cells occurs in fluid w/in organelles so multi-tasking possible
- needs homeostasis

22
Q

Nucleus

A

Genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell
- surrounded by nuclear envelope

Function: DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, assembly of ribosomal units

23
Q

Chromatin

A

Combo of DNA and proteins that constitute eukaryotic chromosomes (long fibers)

24
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread-like, gene-carrying structure most visible in mitosis/meiosis

25
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane, perforated with pores, that encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell

26
Q

Nucleolus

A

Structure in nucleus where RNA is made and assembled with proteins

27
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Network of membranous organelles that partition the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells into functional compartments

28
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Extensive membranous network continuous w/ outer nuclear membrane and composed of rough/smooth regions
- manufacture/package

29
Q

Rough ER

A

Network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins

Function: Synthesis of membrane protein, secretory protein, hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles

30
Q

Secretory Protein

A

Protein secreted from the cell (ex. antibody)

31
Q

Smooth ER

A

Network of interconnected membranous tubules in cell’s cytoplasm

Function: Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism in liver cells, detoxification, calcium ion storage

32
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Organelle consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Modification, temporary storage, transport macromolecules, formation of lysosomes/transport vesicles

33
Q

Lysosome

A

Digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest cell’s food/waste.
- only animals

Function: Digestion of nutrients/bacteria/damaged organelles; destruction of cells

34
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane enclosed sac (in endomembrane system) with various functions

35
Q

Central vacuole

A

Membrane enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a plant cell with diverse role in reproduction, growth, and development

36
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists; enclosed by two concentric membranes; site of photosynthesis
- stroma, thylakoids, grana

Function: Light energy to chemical energy of sugars

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs; enclosed by 2 concentric membranes, it is where cell’s ATP is made from sugars
- inter membrane space and mitochondrial space

Function: Chemical energy to ATP

38
Q

Cristae

A

fold of inner membrane of a mitochondrion; enzymes embedded in it to make ATP

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Framework of fine fibers that extend thru cytoplasm that function as structure/shape
- microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Function: Shape, anchor organelles, movement of cell/organelles, signal transmission

40
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thinnest of 3 protein fibers of cytoskeleton; a solid helical rod composed of globular protein actin; help some cells chance shape/move by assembling at one end and disassembling at another
- cell contraction

41
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

An intermediate sized protein fiber that is one of of 3 making up cytoskeleton; rope like, made of fibrous proteins
- reinforcing for tension, anchoring organelles

42
Q

Microtubules

A

Thickest of 3 fibers making up cytoskeleton; straight hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins; basis of structure and movement of cilia/flagella

  • disassembled/reused
  • anchoring/tracking movement of organelles
43
Q

Cilia

A

Short, numerous appendages that propel protists

44
Q

Flagella

A

Long, generally less numerous appendages on other protists (9:2 ratio)

45
Q

Cell Junctions

A

A structure that connects tissue cells to one another

46
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in a plant cell wall, through which strands of cytoplasm connect form adjacent walls (allows cells to pass molecules)

47
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

A substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded consists of protein/polysaccharides
- helps hold cells in tissues w/ protection/support

48
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Junction that binds tissue cells together in a leakproof sheet

49
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Junction that connects tissue cells to each other and allows materials to pass from cell to cell.

50
Q

Communicating Junctions

A

Channel b/w adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely

51
Q

What are the 4 categories of Eukaryotic cell organelles?

A

1) Manufacture
2) Breakdown/Recycle
3) Energy Processing
4) Support/Movement/Communication

AP Biology (32 decks)

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