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AP Biology > Chapter 28: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

the organ system that forms a communication and coordination network among all parts of an animal’s body

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A

1) Sensory Input
2) Integration
3) Motor Output

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3
Q

Sensory Input

A

The conduction of signals from sensory receptors to integration centers

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4
Q

What are considered sensory receptors and integration centers?

A

Sensory Receptors: skin, nose, ears, etc.

Integration Center: Brain, spinal cord

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5
Q

Integration

A

Interpretation of sensory receptors and the formulation of the response

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6
Q

Motor Output

A

Conduction of signals from the integration centers to the effectors

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7
Q

Stimulus

A

any factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated (change in environment)
- changes membrane’s potential by opening it

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8
Q

Effectors

A

a cell, tissue, or organ capable of carrying out some action in response to a command from the nervous system

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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

1) Central NS

2) Peripheral NS

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

the integration and command center of the nervous system; the brain, and in vertebrates, the spinal cord

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

the network of nerves and ganglia carrying signals into and out of the central nervous system

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12
Q

Nerve

A

A ropelike bundle of fibers thats tightly wrapped in connective tissue

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13
Q

Neurons

A

Basic unit of nervous system (nerve cell)

1) Sensory Neurons
2) Interneurons
3) Motor Neurons

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14
Q

Ganglia

A

a cluster of nerve cell bodies of the cells whose axons and dendrites make up nerves

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15
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

a nerve cell that receives info from sensory receptors and conveys signals into the central nervous system

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

a nerve cell, entirely within the central nervous systems, that integrates sensory signals and may relay command signals to motor neurons
- carry impulses up/down the spinal cord and brain

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17
Q

Motor Neurons

A

a nerve cell that conveys signals from the central nervous system to effector cells, such as muscle cells or gland cells

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18
Q

Cell Body

A

the part of a cell, such as a neuron, that houses the nucleus

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19
Q

Dendrites

A

a neuron fiber that conveys signals from its tip inward, toward the rest of the neuron; in a motor neuron, one of several short, branched extensions that convey nerve signals toward the cell body

  • Short, numerous, highly branched
  • Signals from sensory cell or interneuron
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20
Q

Axon

A

a single long neuron fiber that conducts signals to another neuron or to an effector cell

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21
Q

Supporting Cells

A

in the nervous system, a cell that protects, insulates, and reinforces a neuron (ex. Schwann cell)

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22
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a series of cells, each wound around, and thus insulating, the axon of a nerve cell in vertebrates. Each pair of cells in the sheath is separated by a space called a node of Ranvier

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23
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

an unmyelinated region on a myelinated axon of a nerve cell, where signal transmission occurs
- Signals will jump from node to node → faster 150 m/sec

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24
Q

Synaptic Knob

A

the relay point at the tip of transmitting neuron’s axon, where signals are sent to another neuron or to an effector

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25
Resting Neuron
Contains potential energy in form of difference of electrical charge - used to send info from one part to another
26
Resting Potential
Voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron - Caused by the membrane keeping negatively charged dissolved proteins/large organic molecules inside the cell and channels/pumps (made of protein) that regulate passage of inorganic ions
27
Threshold Potential
Minimum change in a membrane's collage that must occur to generate an action potential - all or none effect
28
Sodium-Potassium (Na+ - K+) Pumps
a membrane protein that transports sodium ions out of, and potassium ions into, a cell against their concentration gradients. The process is powered by ATP. - Na+ low inside the cell and K+ high inside cell
29
Action Potential
a self-propagating change in the voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron; a nerve signal
30
What are the events of transmission of nerve signals?
Polarized --> stimulus --> depolarized/action potential --> repolarized
31
Synapse
Junction between two neurons or a neuron and its effector | - Electrical and chemical
32
Electrical (Synapse)
Direct connection b/w each axon and dendrite | - found where speed is crucial
33
Chemical (Synapse)
Common type w/ gap b/w axon and dendrite | - make chemical signals
34
Synaptic Cleft
a narrow gap separating the synaptic knob of a transmitting neuron from a receiving neuron or an effector cell (prevents action potential from spreading directly to receiving neuron)
35
Neurotransmitter
a chemical messenger that carries information from a transmitting neuron to a receiving cell, either another neuron or an effector cell - dual role as hormone
36
Summation
the overall effect of all the information a neuron receives at a particular instant
37
Acetylcholine
a nitrogen-containing neurotransmitter; among other effects, it slows the heart rate and makes skeletal muscles contract
38
Biogenic Amines
a nitrogen-containing neurotransmitter that is derived from amino acids and important for the central nervous system to increase heart rate, sleep, mood, attention, learning - epinephrines, norepinephrine
39
What are the 3 trends in evolution of brain?
1) Increase in size of brain 2) Subdivision of forebrain 3) Increase in interpretive power of cerebrum 4) Vertebrate develops
40
What are 3 patterns from evolution?
1) Cephalization 2) Centralization 3) Peripheral Division
41
Nerve Web
a web like system of neurons, characteristic of radially symmetrical animals such as Hydra
42
Cephalization
Formation of head, more bilateral symmetry
43
Centralization
Formation of brain/spinal cord | - CNS is distinct from PNS
44
Peripheral Division
Outside nervous system develops and ganglia/nerve cords are made along with cell bodies, axons, and dendrites
45
What are 3 protections of nerve tissue?
1) Bone (cranium and vertebrae) 2) Meninges 3) Cerebrospinal fluid
46
Spinal Cord
the dorsal hollow nerve cord in vertebrates, located w/in the vertebral column; with the brain, makes up the central nervous system
47
Brain
master control center that includes homeostatic centers that keep the body functioning smoothly, sensory centers that integrate data from the sense organs, and centers of emotions and intellect (exerts control over spinal cord and sends out own motor commands to muscles)
48
Blood Brain Barrier
a system of capillaries in the brain that restricts passage of most substances into the brain, thereby preventing large fluctuations in the brain’s environment
49
Ventricles
a space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
50
Cerebrospinal Fluid
blood-derived fluid that surrounds, protects against infection, nourishes, and cushions the brain and spinal cord
51
Meninges
layers of connective tissue that enwrap and protect the brain and spinal cord
52
What are the two distinct areas of the CNS?
1) White matter (axons/dendrites) | 2) Gray matter (nerve cell bodies)
53
Cerebral Cortex
a folded sheet of gray matter forming the surface of the cerebrum, it contains integrating centers for higher brain functions such as reasoning, speech, and debate
54
Cranial Neves
signals to/from the brain
55
Spinal Nerves
in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system, a nerve that carries signals to or from the spinal cords
56
Sensory Division (PNS)
has two sets of neurons: one set brings in info about outside environment and other set supplies CNS w/ info about body itself - Provides brain w/ sensations of pain → warning for body of tissue damage
57
Referred Pain
pain that issues form an internal organ but that is felt on the body surface
58
Motor Division (PNS)
- two parts: Somatic NS and Autonomic NS
59
Somatic Nervous System
the division of the motor nervous system of vertebrates composed of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles (voluntary)
60
Autonomic
a subdivision of the motor nervous system of vertebrates that regulates the internal environment; made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions (involuntary)
61
Parasympathetic Division
one of two sets of neurons in the autonomic nervous system; generally promotes body activities that gain and conserve energy, such as digestion and reduced heart rate
62
Sympathetic Division
one of two sets of neurons in the autonomic nervous system; generally prepares the body for energy consuming activities, such as fleeing or fighting
63
What are the 4 major structures of the brain?
1) Cerebrum 2) Interbrain 3) Brainstem 4) Cerebellum
64
Cerebrum
Highest part of brain in terms of location and function - Right hemisphere for nonverbal side - Left hemisphere for verbal side - corpus callosum - cerebral cortex
65
Corpus Callosum
Big thick band of neurofibers that connect cerebral hemispheres
66
Cerebral cortex
The outer part of the brain, has ridges and grooves
67
Basal Ganglia
clusters of nerve cell bodies located deep within the cerebrum that are important in motor coordination
68
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
1) Frontal lobe (motor/speech cortex) 2) Parietal (sensory cortex) 3) Temporal (Auditory/Olfactory cortex) 4) Occipital (visual)
69
Association Cortex
All parts of lobes that are responsible for higher mental capabilities (thinking)
70
Interbrain
Thalamus...gatekeeper to cerebrum - analyzes, sorts, and transmits sensory inputs - suppresses some signals and enhances others Hypothalamus...controls all its homeostatic mechanisms and glands/hormones
71
Brainstem
Sensory filter; selects which info goes into the higher center - Mid Brain, pons, Medulla Oblongata
72
Mid brain
Relay Center for eyes, ears, and reflexes
73
Pons
Site where many cranial nerves enter/leave the brain
74
Medulla Oblongata
Respiratory Center, Cardiovascular Center, Reflect Center
75
Cerebellum
Mini-me of brain that has two highly folded hemispheres | - coordination of voluntary muscles, maintain balance/equilibrium, regulate muscle tone
76
Brain Waves
Electrical activity in brain - results forma action potentials firing in brain neurons - alpha waves, beta waves, delta waves, REM Sleep
77
Reticular Formation
functional system of neurons that extends from the medulla oblongata thru brainstem to thalamus and receives data from sensory receptors
78
Limbic System
a functional unit of several integrating and relay centers located deep in the human forebrain; interacts with the cerebral cortex in creating emotions and story memories
79
Amygdala
an integrative center of the cerebrum; functionally the part of the limbic system that seems to label info to be remembered
80
Hippocampus
an integrative center of the cerebrum; functionally, part of the limbic system that plays central roles in memory and learning
81
Long Term Depression
a reduced responsiveness to an action potential (nerve signal) by a receiving neuron
82
Long Term Potentiation
an enhanced responsiveness to an action potential (nerve signal) by a receiving neuron

AP Biology (32 decks)

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