Ch. 19 Human Evolution

Question 1

What are the 4 types of primates?

Answer 1

Humans
Apes
Monkeys
Lemurs

Question 2

Arboreal

Answer 2

living in trees

- reflected in human body features

Question 3

What are the 5 characteristics of a primate?

Answer 3

1) Limber + Hip joints
2) 5 Digits on hands + feet (mobility/grasping)
3) Opposable thumbs (sometimes toes too)
4) Great sense of touch (receptors)
5) Eyes on the from of face (depth perception)
- poor peripheral

Question 4

What are the 2 groups of Primates?

Answer 4

Prosimians

Anthropoids

Question 5

Prosimians

Answer 5

“Before Apes

• oldest known and primitive
• came about after dinosaurs
• 35 species including hushbabies, lorries, tasters, and lemurs
• tropical rainforests

Question 6

Antropoids

Answer 6

“Man form”

• humans, apes, monkeys
• larger brain relative to body size mean higher intelligence
• rely more on eyesight than smell
• Old World Moneys and New World Monkeys

Question 7

Old World Moneys

Answer 7

Africa, Eurasia

- no tails, ground dwellers

Question 8

New World Monkeys

Answer 8

South/Central America

- tail, arboreal

Question 9

Apes

Answer 9

Closest living relatives and confined to rainforests in Africa/Eurasia

• forelimbs longer than hind limbs
• vegetarian (some eat insects/small vertebrae)

Question 10

Gibbons

Answer 10

Smallest, lightest, most agile of apes

• southeast asia
• 9 species
• arboreal
• monogolous (1 mate)

Question 11

Orangutan

Answer 11

Live in isolates parts of the world

• largest living arboreal mammal, moving slowly, supported by stock body w/ all 4 limbs
• Borneo and Sumatra
• 1 species

Question 12

Gorilla

Answer 12

Largest of the primates

• Central Africa rain forest
• knuckle walkers, stand upright

Question 13

What are the 4 types of apes?

Answer 13

Gibbons
Orangutan
Gorilla
Chimpanzee

Question 14

Chimpanzee

Answer 14

Knuckle walkers

• behavior resembles humans
• uses tools like humans

Question 15

___ and ___ are more related to humans than any other primate and differs by ___%

Answer 15

Gorillas and Chimps

3%

Question 16

What is wrong with the common misconception that man evolved from apes?

Answer 16

Man and apes have a common ancestry from which we evolved and went to different pathways

Question 17

What is the order of human evolution?

Answer 17

1) Australopithecus
2) Homo Habilis
3) Homo erectus
4) Homo Neanderthal
5) Homo Sapiens

Question 18

Australopithecus

Answer 18

“Southern ape” 4mya

• first hominids
• afarensis, africanus, boisei, robustus
• widespread, 2 legged
• hunter/gatherers
• Took opportunity and disappeared 4 mya

Question 19

Homo Habilis

Answer 19

“Handy man” 2.5 may

• possessed a larger brain (high intelligence)
• gave rise to homo erectus

Question 20

Homo Erectus

Answer 20

“upright man” 1.8 mya - 250,000

• larger brain than predecessors
• regional diversity
• first to use fire, huts, caves
• use animal skins, advanced tools

Question 21

Homo neanderthals

Answer 21

130,000 - 35,000

• archaic homo
• spread out
• short, stocky, muscular
• skilled tool maker and ritualistic

Question 22

Homo Sapians

Answer 22

“Wise man”

• coexisted with homo neanderthals
• multi regional hypothesis or monogenesis hypothesis

Question 23

Multiregional Hypothesis

Answer 23

Races of humankind stem from regional diversity

- similar genetic make up

Question 24

Monogenesis Hypothesis

Answer 24

Modern homo sapiens come from 1 ancient group (all others were evolutionary dead ends)
- uniformity of mitochondrial DNA

Question 25

What are the 3 major milestones in human evolution?

Answer 25

1) Erect stance
2) Enlargement of Brain
3) Prolonged Period of Parental Care

*Culture

Question 26

Erect stance

Answer 26

Remodeling of entire skeleton (hips/arms)

- 2 walking legs

Question 27

Enlargement of Brain

Answer 27

As man evolved, brain grew and higher intelligence achieved

Question 28

Prolonged period of parental care

Answer 28

Care for offspring for long time and have strong bond

Question 29

Culture

Answer 29

Accumulate knowledge, customers, beliefs, arts, and other human products that are socially transmitted over the generations

• made us the dominant force on Earth by defying physical limitations
• alter nature at rate exceeding biological evolution
• adapt/change environment to our needs (help survival but population explosion continues but problems arise)

Question 30

What are the 3 stages of culture?

Answer 30

1) Scavenging, hunting, gathering
2) Agriculture
3) Industrial Revolution

Question 31

Scavenging, hunting, gathering

Answer 31

As tools and cooperative hunting behaviors, we improve and control

Question 32

Agriculture

Answer 32

Grow own food -> abundant reliable food supply

• farming leads to stay in one place
• division of labor and more time for other stuff
• population explosion

Question 33

Industrial Revolution

Answer 33

England 18th century

• small scale hand production -> large scale martin production
• increased demand for suppliers

Question 34

What happened to change?

Answer 34

Change continued to happen but it happened at a rapid rate. Biological changes were slower than cultural changes. And our world became changing so rapidly, we may be threatening our own existence.

Question 35

Hominid

Answer 35

A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominid (homo-sapiens + ancestors)