Ch.3 Molecules of Cells

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

CH2O carbon water consisting of sugar molecules
Function: Quick Energy
Monomer: monosaccharides

Question 2

What are some monomers of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Glucose, fructose, galactose

All have C6H12O6

Question 3

Organic compounds

Answer 3

Important for life. A chemical compound containing carbon that is synthesized by cells. Carbon atoms will combine with H, O, N, and P. These carbons will allow for structure as it has 4 electrons to make 4 covalent bonds.
- macromolecule, polymer

Question 4

Hydrocarbons

Answer 4

Chemical compound composed of hydrogen and carbon. Carbons can be in straight chains, branched, and ring like.

Question 5

Isomers

Answer 5

Have the same molecular formula but different structure so different properties

Question 6

Functional Groups

Answer 6

Groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions. Determines the unique properties.

• all polar because oxygen/nitrogen has strong pull
• polar so therefore hydrophilic (needed for water based life)

Question 7

What are the 4 types of functional group?

Answer 7

1) Hydroxyl
2) Carbonyl
3) Carboxyl
4) Amino

Question 8

What comprises a hydroxyl group?

Answer 8

Hydrogen and oxygen atom (alcohol)

Question 9

What comprises a carbonyl group?

Answer 9

Carbon and oxygen double bonded

• aldehyde at the end
• ketone in the middle

Question 10

What comprises a carboxyl group?

Answer 10

Carbon double bonded to oxygen and a hydroxyl group

- carboxylic acid

Question 11

What comprises an amino group?

Answer 11

Nitrogen with 2 hydrogen atoms

- amines (tendency to remoce Hydrogen atoms, a base)

Question 12

Macromolecules

Answer 12

Organic molecules that are large/complex with hundreds or thousands of atoms covalently bonded.

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

Question 13

Polymers

Answer 13

Large compounds constructed by covalently bonding many small simple building blocks into long chains

Question 14

Monomers

Answer 14

Single building blocks of polymers. Key to diversity due to variation in sequence and essentially universal.

Question 15

What is life’s simple molecular logic?

Answer 15

Small molecules common to all organisms arranged into macromolecules connected together and vary from species to species/individual to individual

Question 16

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 16

Putting monomers together by removing water. Condensation reaction.

Question 17

Hydrolysis

Answer 17

Breaking apart by addition of water.

Question 18

What are 3 examples of disaccharides?

Answer 18

1) Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
2) Maltose (2 glucose)
3) Lactose
C12H22O11 (water removed)

Question 19

How are monosaccharides connected?

Answer 19

Dehydrated synthesis

Question 20

Polysaccharides

Answer 20

Polymers with many hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides

1) Starch
2) Glycogen
3) Cellulose

Question 21

Starch

Answer 21

Storage molecule for plant tissue; glucose molecules with helical strands

Question 22

Glycogen

Answer 22

Storage molecule for animals. Similar to starch but more branched. Stored in liver and muscles to convert glucose.

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

Most complex carbohydrate and most abundant. Plant fiber used for support and for cell walls. Unbranched rod. Cannot be digested by humans but it will cleanse the system.

Question 24

Hydrophilic

Answer 24

Water loving and soluble

Question 25

Monosaccharides

Answer 25

smallest unit of sugar molecules and the building block for complex polysaccharides

Question 26

Disaccharide

Answer 26

Sugar molecules consisting of two monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

CHO An organic molecule consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds and therefore mostly hydrophobic (no hydrolysis) Function: storage and insulation Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol

Question 28

Fat

Answer 28

A large lipid made from a glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Acts as energy storage and insulation.

Question 29

Triglyceride

Answer 29

A fat which contains a molecule of glycerol linked to three molecules of fatty acids.

Question 30

Unsaturated fats

Answer 30

Hydrocarbon chains that lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and have one or more double covalent bonds.

Question 31

Saturated fats

Answer 31

Hydrocarbon chains that contain the maximum number of hydrogen and has no double covalent bonds

Question 32

Phospholipid

Answer 32

Major component of cell membrane, structurally similar to fat but with a phosphorus and 2 fatty acids - protects body surfaces - regulates cellular and bodily functions

Question 33

Waxes

Answer 33

1 fatty acid linked to glycerol | - waterproof coating (hydrophobic)

Question 34

Steroids

Answer 34

Carbon skeleton bend to form 4 rings

Question 35

Fatty Acid

Answer 35

Carboxyl group with hydrocarbon chain of 15 carbons

Question 36

Glycerol

Answer 36

Alcohol with 3 carbons each with own hydroxyl group

Question 37

Protein

Answer 37

CHON (S) A biological macromolecule made of 1+ polypeptides Monomer: amino acids Function: building material (corresponds with structure)

Question 38

What are the 7 classes of proteins?

Answer 38

1) Structural 2) Contractile 3) Storage 4) Defensive 5) Transport 6) Signal 7) Enzymes

Question 39

Structural proteins are for...

Answer 39

Building material and what makes living things.

Question 40

Contractile proteins are for...

Answer 40

Fibers that contract and relax for movement (muscles)

Question 41

Storage proteins for...

Answer 41

Stores proteins for later use

Question 42

Defensive proteins for...

Answer 42

Fights infections

Question 43

Transport proteins for...

Answer 43

Picks up and delivers substances | - hemoglobin

Question 44

Signal proteins for...

Answer 44

Coordinate and communicate cell reactions

Question 45

Enzyme proteins for...

Answer 45

Catalyzes chemical reactions and effective in small quantities.

Question 46

Why are proteins the most diverse in structure and function?

Answer 46

Arrangement of amino acids.

Question 47

Amino Acids

Answer 47

Organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group - linked by dehydration synthesis

Question 48

Polypeptide

Answer 48

Long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Question 49

Denaturation

Answer 49

Changing of protein structure to cause it to lose function | - heat, pH, salt concentration

Question 50

4 types of protein structures?

Answer 50

1) Primary structure 2) Secondary Structure 3) Tertiary Structure 4) Quaternary Structure

Question 51

Primary Structure

Answer 51

Amino acid sequence

Question 52

Secondary Structure

Answer 52

Coiling and folding of polypeptide chains due to hydrogen bonding

Question 53

Tertiary Structure

Answer 53

Overall shape of the polypeptide in 3-D (globular or fibular)

Question 54

Quaternary Structure

Answer 54

Relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein

Question 55

Alpha Helix

Answer 55

Spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure

Question 56

Pleated Sheet

Answer 56

Folded arrangement of a polypeptide

Question 57

Nucleic Acids

Answer 57

CHONP Master molecule of life. The chemical link between generations that transfers genetic material. Primary control over protein synthesis that contains code for amino acid sequence and builds protein molecules. Monomer: nucleotides

Question 58

DNA

Answer 58

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid - genetic material that organisms inherit from parents - double stranded helix molecule of deoxyribose sugar and bases - in nucleus

Question 59

How can one molecule (DNA) dominate the scheme of life?

Answer 59

Structure

Question 60

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

Answer 60

1) DNA | 2) RNA

Question 61

Nucleotides

Answer 61

Building block of nucleic acids - Phosphate group - 5 carbon sugar - Nitrogen base

Question 62

What are the 5 types of nitrogen bases?

Answer 62

1) Adenine 2) Guanine 3) Cytosine 4) Thymine (DNA) and Uracil (RNA)

Question 63

Genes

Answer 63

A discrete unit of hereditary info consisting of specific nucleotide sequence in DNA -> functions - controls life of cell/organism

Question 64

RNA

Answer 64

Ribose Nucleic Acid - type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers - single stranded in the nucleus and cytoplasm - 3 kinds (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

Question 65

Who discovered the code of life? Double Helix?

Answer 65

J. Watson and F. Crick. With the help of M. Wilkens and R. Franklin