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AP Biology > Ch. 11 The Control of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Ch. 11 The Control of Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene Expression

A

When certain regions of the chromosome are transcribed and translated into proteins

  • the flow of genetic info from genes to proteins
  • to produce proteins when and where needed
  • genotype -> phenotype
  • regulated by turning on/off transcription
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2
Q

Promoter

A

Nucleotide sequence at the start of a gene

  • start of genes designed to produce certain enzymes
  • binding site for active repressor
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3
Q

Operator

A

The sequence of nucleotides b/w the promotor and gene

  • binding site for the active repressor
  • shuts transcription down, off switch
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4
Q

Operon

A

The unit of genetic regulation in prokaryotes

- cluster of genes designed to produce certain enzymes

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5
Q

Repressor

A

A protein that clocks the transcription of a gene/operon

- proteins that block the transcription of a gene

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6
Q

Regulatory gene

A

A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes
- codes for active repressor, located outside the person

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7
Q

Activators

A

Protein that turns the operon on by binding to the DNA

- switch on gene

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8
Q

Cellular Differentiation

A

The specialization in the structure and function of cells that occurs during the development of an organism; results from selective activation/deactivation of the cell’s genes

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9
Q

Clone

A

To produce genetically identical copies of cell, organism, or DNA molecule

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10
Q

Histones

A

A small basic protein molecule associated w/ DNA and important in DNA packing in the eukaryotic chromosomes

  • framework for DNA
  • provide structure/organization for DNA strand
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11
Q

Nucleosome

A

The beadlike unit of DNA packaging in a eukaryotic cell; consists of DNA wound around a protein core made up of 8 histone molecules

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12
Q

What can prevent gene expression?

A

DNA Packing

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13
Q

X Chromosome Inactivation

A

Inherited by cell’s descendants

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14
Q

What is the most important stage for regulating gene expression?

A

Initiation

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15
Q

What differs in eukaryotic genes?

A

Own promoter and control sequences.
Activator proteins > Repressors
“default state” = “off”

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16
Q

Transcription Factors

A

In the eukaryotic cell, a protein that functions in initiating or regulating transcription; bind to DNA or to other proteins that bind to DNA

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17
Q

Enhancer

A

A eukaryotic DNA sequence that helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it; functions by means of an activator which binds to it and then to rest of transcription apparatus
- stimulates the transcription of a gene

18
Q

Silencers

A

A eukaryotic DNA sequence that functions to inhibit the start of gene transcription; may act analogously to an enhancer by binding a repressor
- inhibits the state of gene transcription

19
Q

Introns

A

In eukaryotes, a non expressed (noncoding) portion of a gene; it is excised from the RNA transcript

20
Q

Exons

A

In eukaryotes, a coding potion of a gene

21
Q

RNA splicing

A

The removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequences
- occurs before mRNA leaves nucleus

22
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Generating different mRNA from the same RNA transcript

23
Q

Homeotic gene

A

A master control gene that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells

24
Q

Signal-Transduction Pathway

A

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell’s surface into a specific response inside the cell

25
Q

What are the steps of Signal-Transduction Pathway?

A

1) Signaling cell first secrets the signal molecule
2) Signal molecule binds to a specific receptor protein embedded in target cell’s plasma membrane
3) Binding activates the first in a series of relay proteins w/in the target cell
4) Last relay molecule in series activates a transcription factor
5) Factor triggers transcription of specific gene
6) Translation of mRNA produces a protein

26
Q

Homeoboxes

A

A 180 nucleotide sequence w/in a homeotic gene encoding the part of the protein that binds to the DNA of the genes regulated by the protein

27
Q

Why do cells escape from control?

A

Changes in cell’s gene or how they are expressed

28
Q

Oncogene

A

A cancer-causing gene; usually contributes to malignancy by abnormally enhancing the amount/activity of a growth factor made by cell

29
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

A normal gene that can be converted to a cancer causing gene

30
Q

Tumor Suppressor genes

A

A gene whose product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth

31
Q

Carcinogens

A

A cancer-causing agent, either high energy radiation or a chemical

32
Q

What is the difference b/w gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes…simple b/c have no cell specialization

Eukaryotes…have different proteins for each cell b/c specialization

33
Q

What does E. coli do?

A

Constantly turning genes on/off when the cell is surrounded by sugar or carb or protein etc.

34
Q

How can the operon be turned on if the repressor is always present?

A

Lactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape, preventing the repressor from attaching

35
Q

How does cloning work?

A

Take an egg cell, expose it to radiation to destroy nucleus

  • insert nucleus of a different cell into that cell
  • implant into an animal’s womb
36
Q

What is gene expression based on and what is transcription based on?

A

Gene expression is based on the regulation of transcription

Transcription is based on the regulation of transcription factors

37
Q

What is more important for eukaryotes? Activation or repression?

A

Activation

38
Q

RNA transcript

A

The copying of DNA’s code onto mRNA

- result of transcription

39
Q

What are the 3 modifications added to RNA before leaving nucleus?

A

1) Capped
- single guanine nucleotide is placed at one end
2) Tailed
- long chain of adenine nucleotides are attached to other end
3) Edited
- Introns are edited out, externs are spliced together

40
Q

What does capped and tailed modifications do?

A

Prevents attack from cellular enzymes and identifies mRNA.

41
Q

What is cancer a disease of?

A

A disease of gene expression b/w cell escapes control

AP Biology (32 decks)

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