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AP Biology > Ch. 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy > Flashcards

Ch. 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

Aerobic

A

Containing/requiring molecular oxygen

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2
Q

Anaerobic

A

Lacking/not requiring molecular oxygen

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3
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules
- energy releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that called can use to perform work

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4
Q

What are the three phases of cellular respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis

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5
Q

Why can’t the cell harvest all of the energy in a useable form?

A

40% of glucose is turned into ATP and the rest is converted to heat.

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6
Q

Redox Reaction

A

Oxidation reduction

- describes movement of electrons from donor molecules to an acceptor molecule

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

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8
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction

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9
Q

What does oxidation and reduction accompany each other?

A

Always together because electron transfer needs both donor and acceptor.

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10
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecules

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11
Q

What is NAD+?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

  • a coenzyme that assists enzymes by converting electrons (from hydrogen atoms) during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism
  • oxidized molecule, ready to pick up electrons
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12
Q

Electron Carrier

A

A molecule that conveys electrons within a cell

  • make up the electron transport chain
  • shuttles electrons during redox reactions that release energy for ATP synthesis
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13
Q

What keeps electrons of the carrier molecules moving?

A

Affinity for electrons.

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14
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Synthesizes ATP by the process of chemiosmosis.

- inner membrane of mitochondria, thylakoid of chloroplast, plasma membrane of prokaryotes

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15
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The production of ATP using the energy of H+ gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP
- powers most of the ATP synthase

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16
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Series of protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria loaded with enzymes for phosphoration of ADP to ATP
- provides the port through which H+ diffuse (uses PE of concentration gradient)

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17
Q

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP
- occurring because bond holding phosphate group in substrate molecule is less stable than ATP bond

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18
Q

Glycolysis

A 
"splitting of sugar"
Multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of a glucose into two molecules of pyretic acid. 
- first step of of cellular respiration 
- occurs in cytoplasmic fluid
- exergonic
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19
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Metabolic cycle fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration

  • chemical reactions complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide
  • occurs in matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to electron transport carriers
  • exergonic
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20
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

A

1) Glycolsysis
2) Krebs Cycle
3) Electron Transport

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21
Q

What are the two carriers of electron transport chain?

A

NADH (NAD+) and FAD (FADH2)

22
Q

Intermediate

A

A compound formed between initial reactant in metabolic pathway and the final product

23
Q

How many steps are there in glycolysis?

A

9 steps
1 - 4) Preparatory & Consumer Energy Phase [consumes 2 ATP]
5 - 9) Energy Payoff Phase [Yields 4 ATP]

24
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules

25
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

High energy fuel molecule for Krebs Cycle

26
Q

What are three ways poisons block cellular respiration?

A

1) Blocks the electron transport chain
2) Inhibits ATP synthesis
3) Uncouplers makes membrane of mitochondrion leak H+

27
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

A

Production of ethanol from glucose in which CO2 removed from pyruvic acid & NADH is oxidized to NAD+

28
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Lactic acid is produced when NADH from glycolysis is oxidized

29
Q

Strict anaerobic

A

Require anaerobic conditions

- O2 would mean poison

30
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Microorganisms that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if O2, if not then fermentation

31
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between organism and environment

  • General/External
  • Cellular respiration/Internal
32
Q

What is general respiration?

A

Oxygen from air to lungs to blood, CO2 blood to lungs to air

- breathing

33
Q

What is cellular respiration (internal)?

A

It is the energy releasing break down of food molecules in cells.

  • O2 + glucose -> H20 + CO2 + Energy
  • occurs in mitochondria
34
Q

What is metabolism? 2 types?

A

All chemical changes in a cell.

1) Catabolism
2) Anabolism

35
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules, releases energy

- ex. cellular respiration

36
Q

Anabolism

A

Build molecules, stores energy

37
Q

Do plant cells go through cell respiration?

A

YES

38
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 38 ATP

39
Q

Why are fats more completely reduced?

A

Higher hydrogen proportion. Stores more energy in a smaller space.

40
Q

What is key to energy release?

A

Electrons of chemical bonds that move and transfer. They start with more energy and end with less.

41
Q

How do cells transfer energy from glucose to ATP?

A

By coupling of exothermic and endothermic. Glucose will lose hydrogen to become CO2 and oxygen will gain hydrogen to become H2O

42
Q

In cellular respiration, what is oxidized and reduced?

A

Glucose is oxidized. Oxygen is reduced.

43
Q

What step of cellular respiration is both anaerobic and aerobic?

A

Glycolysis

44
Q

What is the equation for glycolysis?

A

1 glucose (6C) -> 2 Pyruvic Acid (3C)

45
Q

What are the reactants of glycolysis?

A

Glucose, 2 ADP, 2 Phosphorus, 2 NAD+

46
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyretic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

47
Q

What is the net result of Krebs Cycle?

A

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

48
Q

Electron Transport Chain results in how many ATP?

A

34 ATP

49
Q

What substance allows for complete metabolism of glucose?

A

Oxygen

50
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic metabolism of glucose. No oxygen so no strong electron chain. Results in 2C or 3C and 2 ATP.

51
Q

What is the evolution of energy transformation?

A

Chemosynthesis -> Fermentation -> Photosynthesis -> Cellular Respiration (only one to require oxygen)

52
Q

What are the intermediates of cell respiration Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA –> Citric Acid –> Alphaketosglutoric Acid –> Succinic Acid –> Malic Acid –> Oxaloacetic Acid

AP Biology (32 decks)

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