Ch. 16 The Origin & Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes And Protists

Question 1

Stromatolites

Answer 1

Rock formed of layered fossilized bacterial mats

- Made Earth aerobic w/ the O2 produced → aerobic life

Question 2

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 2

nonliving things produce life (wrong)

Question 3

Biogenesis

Answer 3

“All life today, including microbes, arises only by the reproduction of pre-existing life”

• Louis Pasteur

Question 4

What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey do?

Answer 4

Showed that organic molecules could be generated on lifeless Earth from the abundant energy sources and high UV radiation

Question 5

What did Sidney Fox do?

Answer 5

Founded that there are specific enzymes or dilute solution of organic monomer dipped on hot rock/clay → heat vaporizes water → concentrates monomer and bonds

Question 6

“The essential difference between life and non life is replication.” means what?

Answer 6

Nucleic acids that replicate and store genetic info.

Question 7

Ribozymes

Answer 7

an enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions

Question 8

RNA World

Answer 8

a hypothetical period in the evolution of life when RNA served as a rudimentary genes and the sole catalytic molecules

Question 9

Why are prokaryotes important?

Answer 9

Essential for decomposing dead organisms and returning vital chemical elements to the environment

Question 10

What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes?

Answer 10

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 11

What are characteristics of bacteria domain?

Answer 11

RNA sequences are unique / polymerase is small/simple
Introns absent / Antibiotic sensitivity inhibited
Peptidoglycan present
Membrane lipid, carbon chains unbranched

Question 12

What are characteristics of archaea domain?

Answer 12

RNA sequence match eukaryotic / polymerase complex
Introns present in some / antibiotic sensitivity not inhibited
Peptidoglycan absent
Membrane lipids, carbon chains branched

Question 13

Peptidoglycan

Answer 13

A polymer of complex sugars cross linked by short peptides; a material unique to eubacterial cell walls

Question 14

What are the 3 varieties of prokaryotes?

Answer 14

1) cocci
2) bacilli
3) spirilli

Question 15

Autotroph

Answer 15

an organism that makes its own food, thereby sustaining itself w/o eating others (inorganic → organic)

Question 16

Chemoautotroph

Answer 16

an organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals’ makes its own organic compounds from CO2 w/o using light energy

Question 17

Photoautotroph

Answer 17

An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis

Question 18

Heterotrophs

Answer 18

an organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms/products; consumer/decomposer in food chain

Question 19

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 19

an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources

Question 20

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 20

an organism that obtains energy and carbon from organic molecules

Question 21

Prokaryotic Flagellum

Answer 21

a long surface projection that propels a prokaryotic cell thru its liquid environment; totally different from the flagellum of a eukaryotic cell

Question 22

Pili

Answer 22

short projections on the surface of prokaryotic cells that help prokaryotes attach to other surfaces; specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold mating cells together

Question 23

Endospore

Answer 23

a thick-coated, protective cell produced w/in a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions

Question 24

Actinomycetes

Answer 24

one of a group of bacteria characterized by a mass of branching cell chains (filaments)

Question 25

Cyanobacteria

Answer 25

Photosynthetic, oxygen producing bacteria, formerly called blue-green algae - lakes, ponds, tropical oceans

Question 26

Pathogen

Answer 26

A disease causing organism

Question 27

Exotoxins

Answer 27

a poisonous protein secreted by eubacteria

Question 28

Endotoxins

Answer 28

a poisonous component of the cell walls of certain bacteria (glycolipids) - Fever, aches, drop in blood pressure

Question 29

Lyme disease

Answer 29

a debilitating human disease caused by bacteria Borella burgdorferi; characterized by a red rash at the site of tick bite and if not treated heart disease, arthritis, and nervous disorders

Question 30

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 30

a set of criteria used to establish that a particular infectious agent causes a disease

Question 31

What are Koch's Postulates? (4)

Answer 31

1. The same, specific pathogen must be identified in each animal (host) that has the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from a host and grown in a pure culture, one in which no other kinds of cells are present. 3. The original disease must be produced in experimental hosts that are inoculated w/ pathogen from pure culture. 4. The same pathogen must be isolated from experimental hosts after the disease develops in them.

Question 32

What are the 2 processes that allowed for eukaryotes to evolve from prokaryotes?

Answer 32

1) Membrane Infolding | 2) Endosymbiosis

Question 33

Membrane Infolding

Answer 33

eukaryote’s endomembrane system developed from the inward folds of the plasma membrane of a prokaryote

Question 34

Endosymbiosis

Answer 34

a process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved, from symbiotic associations b/w small prokaryotic cells living inside larger ones

Question 35

Symbiosis

Answer 35

a close association b/w organisms of 2+ species

Question 36

Protozoan

Answer 36

a protest that lives primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic, animal-like protist

Question 37

Flagella

Answer 37

a protist (protozoan) that moves by means of 1+ flagella

Question 38

Amoebas

Answer 38

a type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia

Question 39

Pseudopodia

Answer 39

a temporary extension of a amoeboid cellular functions in moving cells and engulfs food

Question 40

Apicomplexans

Answer 40

one of a group of parasitic protozoans, some of which cause human disease (complex organelles)

Question 41

Ciliates

Answer 41

a type of protozoan that moves be means of a cilia and common in aquatic environments - 2 types of nuclei…macronucleus and micronuclei

Question 42

Cellular slime molds

Answer 42

a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and multicellular reproductive bodies in its life cycle

Question 43

Plasmodial slime mold

Answer 43

a type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle

Question 44

Plasmodium

Answer 44

A single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei | - the amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slim mode

Question 45

Algae

Answer 45

One of a great variety of protists, most of which are unicellular or colonial photosynthetic autotrophs w/ chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll a; heterotrophic and multicellular protists closely related to unicellular autotrophs are also regarded as algae

Question 46

Dinoflagellates

Answer 46

a unicellular photosynthetic alga w/ 2 flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell

Question 47

Diatoms

Answer 47

a unicellular photosynthetic alga w/ a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica

Question 48

Green Algae

Answer 48

one of a group of photosynthetic protists that includes unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species; plantlike in having biflagellated cells (gametes in colonial/multicellular), chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll a, cellulose cell walls, and starch

Question 49

Brown Algae

Answer 49

One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists, the most common and largest type of seaweed

Question 50

Red Algae

Answer 50

one of a group of marine, mostly multicellular, autotrophic protists, which include reed building coralline algae

Question 51

Kelp

Answer 51

A giant brown algae, up to 100 m long, that forms extensive undersea forests

Question 52

Alteration of Generation

Answer 52

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae

Question 53

Gametophytes

Answer 53

a multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into sporophyte generation

Question 54

Sporophyte

Answer 54

the multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation