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AP Biology > Ch. 16 The Origin & Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes And Protists > Flashcards

Ch. 16 The Origin & Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes And Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

Stromatolites

A

Rock formed of layered fossilized bacterial mats

- Made Earth aerobic w/ the O2 produced → aerobic life

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2
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

nonliving things produce life (wrong)

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3
Q

Biogenesis

A

“All life today, including microbes, arises only by the reproduction of pre-existing life”

  • Louis Pasteur
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4
Q

What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey do?

A

Showed that organic molecules could be generated on lifeless Earth from the abundant energy sources and high UV radiation

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5
Q

What did Sidney Fox do?

A

Founded that there are specific enzymes or dilute solution of organic monomer dipped on hot rock/clay → heat vaporizes water → concentrates monomer and bonds

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6
Q

“The essential difference between life and non life is replication.” means what?

A

Nucleic acids that replicate and store genetic info.

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7
Q

Ribozymes

A

an enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions

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8
Q

RNA World

A

a hypothetical period in the evolution of life when RNA served as a rudimentary genes and the sole catalytic molecules

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9
Q

Why are prokaryotes important?

A

Essential for decomposing dead organisms and returning vital chemical elements to the environment

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10
Q

What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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11
Q

What are characteristics of bacteria domain?

A

RNA sequences are unique / polymerase is small/simple
Introns absent / Antibiotic sensitivity inhibited
Peptidoglycan present
Membrane lipid, carbon chains unbranched

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12
Q

What are characteristics of archaea domain?

A

RNA sequence match eukaryotic / polymerase complex
Introns present in some / antibiotic sensitivity not inhibited
Peptidoglycan absent
Membrane lipids, carbon chains branched

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13
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A polymer of complex sugars cross linked by short peptides; a material unique to eubacterial cell walls

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14
Q

What are the 3 varieties of prokaryotes?

A

1) cocci
2) bacilli
3) spirilli

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15
Q

Autotroph

A

an organism that makes its own food, thereby sustaining itself w/o eating others (inorganic → organic)

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16
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

an organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals’ makes its own organic compounds from CO2 w/o using light energy

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17
Q

Photoautotroph

A

An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis

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18
Q

Heterotrophs

A

an organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms/products; consumer/decomposer in food chain

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19
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

an organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic sources

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20
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

an organism that obtains energy and carbon from organic molecules

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21
Q

Prokaryotic Flagellum

A

a long surface projection that propels a prokaryotic cell thru its liquid environment; totally different from the flagellum of a eukaryotic cell

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22
Q

Pili

A

short projections on the surface of prokaryotic cells that help prokaryotes attach to other surfaces; specialized sex pili are used in conjugation to hold mating cells together

23
Q

Endospore

A

a thick-coated, protective cell produced w/in a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions

24
Q

Actinomycetes

A

one of a group of bacteria characterized by a mass of branching cell chains (filaments)

25
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic, oxygen producing bacteria, formerly called blue-green algae
- lakes, ponds, tropical oceans

26
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease causing organism

27
Q

Exotoxins

A

a poisonous protein secreted by eubacteria

28
Q

Endotoxins

A

a poisonous component of the cell walls of certain bacteria (glycolipids)
- Fever, aches, drop in blood pressure

29
Q

Lyme disease

A

a debilitating human disease caused by bacteria Borella burgdorferi; characterized by a red rash at the site of tick bite and if not treated heart disease, arthritis, and nervous disorders

30
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

a set of criteria used to establish that a particular infectious agent causes a disease

31
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates? (4)

A
  1. The same, specific pathogen must be identified in each animal (host) that has the disease.
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from a host and grown in a pure culture, one in which no other kinds of cells are present.
  3. The original disease must be produced in experimental hosts that are inoculated w/ pathogen from pure culture.
  4. The same pathogen must be isolated from experimental hosts after the disease develops in them.
32
Q

What are the 2 processes that allowed for eukaryotes to evolve from prokaryotes?

A

1) Membrane Infolding

2) Endosymbiosis

33
Q

Membrane Infolding

A

eukaryote’s endomembrane system developed from the inward folds of the plasma membrane of a prokaryote

34
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

a process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved, from symbiotic associations b/w small prokaryotic cells living inside larger ones

35
Q

Symbiosis

A

a close association b/w organisms of 2+ species

36
Q

Protozoan

A

a protest that lives primarily by ingesting food; a heterotrophic, animal-like protist

37
Q

Flagella

A

a protist (protozoan) that moves by means of 1+ flagella

38
Q

Amoebas

A

a type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia

39
Q

Pseudopodia

A

a temporary extension of a amoeboid cellular functions in moving cells and engulfs food

40
Q

Apicomplexans

A

one of a group of parasitic protozoans, some of which cause human disease (complex organelles)

41
Q

Ciliates

A

a type of protozoan that moves be means of a cilia and common in aquatic environments
- 2 types of nuclei…macronucleus and micronuclei

42
Q

Cellular slime molds

A

a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and multicellular reproductive bodies in its life cycle

43
Q

Plasmodial slime mold

A

a type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle

44
Q

Plasmodium

A

A single mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei

- the amoeboid feeding stage in the life cycle of a plasmodial slim mode

45
Q

Algae

A

One of a great variety of protists, most of which are unicellular or colonial photosynthetic autotrophs w/ chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll a; heterotrophic and multicellular protists closely related to unicellular autotrophs are also regarded as algae

46
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

a unicellular photosynthetic alga w/ 2 flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell

47
Q

Diatoms

A

a unicellular photosynthetic alga w/ a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica

48
Q

Green Algae

A

one of a group of photosynthetic protists that includes unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species; plantlike in having biflagellated cells (gametes in colonial/multicellular), chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll a, cellulose cell walls, and starch

49
Q

Brown Algae

A

One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists, the most common and largest type of seaweed

50
Q

Red Algae

A

one of a group of marine, mostly multicellular, autotrophic protists, which include reed building coralline algae

51
Q

Kelp

A

A giant brown algae, up to 100 m long, that forms extensive undersea forests

52
Q

Alteration of Generation

A

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae

53
Q

Gametophytes

A

a multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into sporophyte generation

54
Q

Sporophyte

A

the multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation

AP Biology (32 decks)

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