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AP Biology > Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics

A

Science of heredity (study of the inheritance of traits)

- founded by Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

“Father of Genetics”

  • experiment with pea plants for seed shape, color (flower/seed), pod shape, flower position, stem length plant mating
  • parents pass onto offspring discrete heritable factors that retain individuality generation to generation
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3
Q

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

A

Genes are physical units located on chromosome and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis/fertilization determine inheritance patterns

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4
Q

Mono-hybrid cross

A

Cross w/ only 1 variable at a time

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5
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a gene

- each trait is determined by 2 alleles (1 from each parent)

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6
Q

Dominant

A

Allele that rules/dominates over other

- expressed (A)

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7
Q

Recessive

A

Hidden/masked by dominant allele

- expressed w/ 2 recessive alleles (a)

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8
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic description a trait based on a pair of alleles (BB)

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance/description of a trait

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

Genotype w/ same pair of allele (purebred)

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11
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different types of alleles in genotype (hybrid)

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12
Q

Parental Cross

A

Pure dominant crossed with pure recessive

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13
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

Pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation

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14
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Each pair of alleles separate independently during gamete formation

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15
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Genes fro two traits are independent

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16
Q

Probability

A

Mathematical science that predicts the chance a certain event will occur

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17
Q

Rules of multiplication

A

The change that two independent events will occur together is the product of their chances occurring separate

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18
Q

Does chance have memory?

A

No. A change event is not affected by previous events.

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19
Q

Trihybrid Cross

A

3 traits at the same time

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20
Q

Wild type

A

The phenotype most commonly found in nature

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21
Q

Self-fertilization

A

Fusion of sperm and egg that are produced by the same individual organism

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22
Q

Cross fertilization

A

Fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals

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23
Q

Hybrids

A

The offspring of parents of two different species or of 2 different varieties of 1 species

  • the offspring of 2 parents that differ in 1+inherited traits
  • an individual that is heterozygous for 1+ pairs of genes
24
Q

Cross (hybridization)

A

Cross fertilization of 2+ different varieties of an organism or of 2 different species

25
Q

P Generation

A

Parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance

26
Q

F1 Generation

A

Offspring of 2 parental (P Gen) individuals

27
Q

F2 Generation

A

Offspring of the F1 gen

28
Q

What are the 4 hypothesis of Mendel?

A

1) There are alternative forms of genes, the units that determine heritable traits
2) For each inherited characteristic, an organism has two genes, one from each parent. These genes may both be the same allele, or they may be different alleles
3) A sperm or egg carries only 1 allele for each inherited trait, b/c allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes, and each contribute an allele to offspring
4) when the two genes of a pair are different alleles and one is fully expressed while the other has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance.

29
Q

Punnet Square

A

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization

30
Q

Test Cross

A

The mating b/w an individual of unknown genotype for a particular characteristic and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same characteristic

31
Q

Rule of Addition

A

The probability that an event can occur in two+ alternative ways is the sum of the separate probabilities of the different ways

32
Q

Which is more common? Recessive or dominant?

A

Recessive

33
Q

Carriers

A

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder

34
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder that occurs in people w/ 2 copies of a certain recessive allele characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection

  • common for European ancestry
  • probability increases with close relative mating
35
Q

Achondroplasia

A

A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele

36
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Human genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of nervous system

37
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A technique for diagnosing genetic defects while a fetus is in the uterus

  • a sample of amniotic fluid, obtained via a needle inserted into the union is analyzed for telltale chemicals/defective fetal cells
  • 14 to 16 week
38
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

A technique used for diagnosing genetic defects while the fetus is in the uterus

  • a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed
  • 8 to 10 week
39
Q

Ultrasound Imaging

A

A technique for examining a fetus in the uterus

  • high frequency sound waves choking off the fetus are used to produce an image of the fetus
  • 18 week
40
Q

Fetoscopy

A

A technique for examine a fetus for anatomical deformities

- a needle-thin containing a viewing scope is inserted into the uterus, giving a direct view of the uterus

41
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate b/w the phenotypes of the 2 types of homozygote

42
Q

Why is relationship of genotypes to phenotypes rarely simple?

A

No complete dominance, 2+ alternative alleles for gene, genotype doesn’t always indicate phenotype

43
Q

ABO blood groups

A

3 alleles produce 4 phenotypes (A, B, O, AB)

44
Q

Codominance

A

Expression of 2 different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote

45
Q

Pleiotropy

A

The control of more than 1 phenotypic characteristic by a single gene
- ex. sickle cell

46
Q

Genetic screening

A

Testing people for alleles associated w/ a particular genetic disorder

47
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

The additive effect of 2+ gene loci on a single phenotypic characteristic
- ex. skin color

48
Q

Recombination frequency

A

w/ respect to 2 given genets, the # of recombinant progeny from a mating divided by the total # of progeny
- carry combinations of alleles different from those in either of the parents as a result of independent assortment of chromosomes or crossing over

49
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

A chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female
- XX, XY

50
Q

Monoecious

A

Having individuals that produce both sperm and eggs (usually refers to plants)

51
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs (animals)

52
Q

Sex-Linked Gene

A

A gene located on a sex chromosome

53
Q

Red green color blindness

A

A category of common, sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosomes

  • characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes
  • affects mostly males but also homozygous females
54
Q

Hemophilia

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.

55
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele
- characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue

AP Biology (32 decks)

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