Chapter 3: 3.4-3.8: Mitosis, DNA, and Organelles Flashcards
What are the 3 main components of the animal cell? (ICF)
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
What are some examples of cytoplasmic organelles?
Mitochondria, peroxisomes and ribosomes
What are 5 main components of the endomembrare system.
Plasma membrane, nuclear envelope ,Golgi apparatus and encloplasmic reticulum lysosomes
What are the forms of endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth and rough ER
What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?
Rough has ribosomes attached to membrane but smooth has no ribosomes and aren’t involved in protein synthesis rather involved in making lipids
What are lysosomes?
These are organelles responsible for digestion of worn out cells or cellular components which contain digestive enzymes
What is the difference between flagella and cilia?
Flagella is a lash-like appendage that is longer than cilia they are found on sperm cells and propel entire cell, while cilia are hair-like slender protuberances that propel substances past cells
Where is DNA present?
In chromosomes and chromatin
What is the process in cell division between chromatin and chromosome?
During cell divisions, chromatin threads coil lightly and condense into chromosomes
What are the DNA bases?
GCAT when G goes to C, A goes to T and vice verse
What are the RNA bases?
The RNA bases are GCAU in which G goes to C while A goes to U and vice Versa
What is found on DNA to make a trait found or genes?
Triplet codes
What does the mRNA do?
It leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytosol to make protein
What are the main phases of the cell cycles
Interphase and m-phase (cell division)
What are the two overlapping processes of the m-phase?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
What does the 3 subphases in interphase include?
G1 phase. S-phase and G2 phase
What are the processes of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
What is mitosis?
This is when newly replicated genetic material is divided between two daughter cells
What is cytokinesis?
This is when the cell’s proteins, organelles and cytosol are divided between 2 daughter cells, ending with 46 chromosomes
What happens in prophase?
This is when the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, The nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers begin to form
What happens in metaphase?
This is The second and longest stage, when spindle fibers from opposite sides of the cell pull sister chromatids into a line along the middle of the cell
What happens in the anaphase?
This is when sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles as microfibers shorten and each new cell has 46 chromosomes
What are individual cells called in anaphase?
Daughter cells
What stage is it possible for cytokinesis to begin?
Anaphase
What happens in telephone?
Nuclear envelope is reassembled, nucleoli reappear and chromosomes uncoil, becoming chromatin
What is apoptosis?
This is what happens when cells pass though checkpoints and can’t be repaired
What happens when changes in DNA of cell cycle lose control?
Cell division results and these cells may form a growth or mass called a tumor
What is a benign tumor?
This is a tumor confined to an original location that may grow extremely large and doesn’t invade surrounding tissues
What is a malignant tumor?
This is a tumor that grows and the cells divide indefinitely
What is renal cell carcinoma?
Kidney cancer cells
What is metastasis?
This is when cancer cells spread into other tissues, which can cause widespread tissue destruction and even death
What are some basic processes common to all cell types?
Cell metabolism, communication, reproduction
Anabolic vs. Catabolic reactions
Anabolic is building reactions and catabolic is breaking down reactions
What are the molecular machines of the cell?
Organelles
What are the 3 types of long protein filaments in the cytoskeleton?
Actin, intermediate and microtubules
Where happens in transcription?
Gene for specific protein is copied, creating messenger RNA
Where does translation occur?
In the cytosol
What is The process from DNA to protein?
DNA to transcription to messenger RNA to translation to protein
The process through which mRNA is made is called?
Transcription
What changes in S phase in terms of number of chromosome?
Goes from 46 to 92 chromosomes
What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S phase
Similarity between RER and ser??
Both attached to nucleus
What does Golgi (UPS) de?
Modify, sorts and packages proteins
What do codons and anticodons do?
Make proteins, and a codon is an mRNA, 3 bases
mRNA is what? DNA is what?
Single and double
What is apoptosis also called?
Programmed cell death
