Chapter 11: Nervous System Flashcards
What are the nervous system’s functional categories?
Sensory, integrative and motor
With is the sensory (affferent) divison divided into?
Somatic and visceral sensory division
What is the somatic sensory division?
Carries signals from skeletal muscles, bones, joints and skin, also involved in 5 senses
What is the visceral sensory division?
Transmits signals from the visceral organs eg. heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys and urinary bladder
Somatic motor division
Carries signals to skeletal muscles eg. Swatting a fly
Autonomic nervous system
Carries stimuli to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands eg. breathing harder
What are some parts of the neuron?
Dendrite, cell body, axon hillock, axonlemma, axonplasma
Where does the sensory come through?
Dendrite
What part has a nucleus and endoplasmic recticulum?
Cell body
Where does the exon originate?
Axon hillock
What is the axonlemma knows as?
Plasma membrane
What is the axon plasma known as?
Cytoplasm
What is the most common type of neuron?
Multipolar
What are the types of neuroglial cells in the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
What are the types of neuroglia cells in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
What cell forms the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
What cell makes the myelin sheath?
Oligodendrocyte
What cell acts as phagocytosis?
Microglial cell
What is depolarization?
Positive charges enter the cytosol, making the membrane potential less negative going from -70 to -60 mV
What is hyperpolarization?
Either positive charges exit or negative charges enter cytosol, makes membrane more negative eg. From -70 to -80 mV
What is repolarization?
The process whereby the membrane potential returns to its resting state after depolarization
Which -zation is most likely to result in action potential?
Depolarization
What is the difference between the refractory periods?
Absolute is when no additional stimulus is able to produce additional action potential while relative refractory periods follows immediately after, where only strong stimulus can produce action potential
What is the central nervous system composed of?
Brain and spinal cord
How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?
12 and 31
What is the integration system known as?
Interneuron or association neuron
Where does information coming from in the visceral system?
Trunk
What is the receptive region?
Dendrites and cell body
What is the conducting region?
Axon
What is the secretory region?
Axon terminal
What functional region meets up with the muscle or gland through a synapse?
Axon terminal
What is nuclei?
Clusters of neuron cell bodies
What are tracts?
Bundles of axons
What cell in the CNS ingests diseases?
Microglial
What cell manufactures and circulates cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cell
What is nearly nonexistent in the CNS and very limited in the PNS?
Regeneration/replacement of damaged axons
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
What is the number of sodium and potassium ions moved in the membrane?
3 Na ions are moved out and 2 K ions are moved in
What are local potentials also called?
Graded potentials
What is the threshold of action potential always?
-55
What is faster between Type A and B?
A
What type are the majority of the synapses in the nervous system?
Chemical synapses
What is part of a chemical synapse and what isn’t?
Receptors are part but gap junctions are not
What ion is needed to trigger synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters?
Calcium ion
What is the order of events at a chemical synapse after a stimulus?
An action potential in the presynaptic neuron triggers Ca2+ channels in axon terminal to open, this influx of Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft (exocytosis), which bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron then ion channels open, leading to local potential and possible action potential
Differences between a EPSP and an IPSP?
EPSP only occurs post synaptically and when the ion channels open the postsynaptic neuron gains negative charges or loses positive charges in the IPSP, causing inhibitory and for EPSP, positive charges enter the postsynaptic neuron, exciting it
What is needed to terminate the effect of a neurotransmitter in the synapse?
Elimination of excess neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft
Cholinergic synapses use what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Where in the nervous system do we find neuronal pools?
Within the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
Which type of fiber type propagates the action potential most quickly? (myelinated or unmyelinated and A, B or C?)
Myelinated A
