Chapter 1: 1.1-1.3 Flashcards
What are the six structural levels of organization?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level
How many organ systems does the human body have?
11
Describe the chemical level
Smallest level, foundation, composed of thousands of atoms
Describe the cellular level
Groups of many different types of molecules eg heart, skin and brain cells
What is the tissue level comprised of?
Two or more cell types cooperating to perform common function
What are the two components of the tissue level?
Cells and surrounding extracellular matrix
What do tissues vary from?
Membrane sheets that cover body cavities to irregularly shaped cartilage in nose
What is histology?
Study of tissues
What are some tissue examples?
Epithelial, connective nervous, muscle
What does the organ level comprise of?
Two or more issues that combine
What are the characteristics of the organ level?
They have a recognizable shape and perform special functions eg. Heart and lung
What is the organ system?
Organs grouped together to carry out broad functions eg. Cardiovascular and digestive
What is the organism level?
Organ systems that work together to make up a working human body or organism
What are the organ systems? (Name them)
Digestive, male and female reproductive, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, lymphatic, endocrine, integumentary, skeletal, muscular
What does the integumentary system include? (3)
Hair skin and nails and protects the body from external environment
What does the skeletal system include? (2)
Bones and joints that support the body and protect internal organs
What does the muscular system include? (1)
Skeletal muscles that produce movement and generate heat
What does the nervous system include? (3)
Brain, spinal cord and nerves that regulate body functions
What does the endocrine system include? (4)
The glands (pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal) hypothalamus, pancreas and ovaries for women and testes for men and regulates functions of body, muscles glands and other tissues through secretion
What does the cardiovascular system include? (2)
Blood vessels and heart and pumps and removes waste from tissues and transports cells, nutrients and other substances
What does the lymphatic system include? (5)
Tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels and returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and provides immunity
What does the respiratory system include? (5)
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs and deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
What does the digestive system include? (8)
Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestine, and digests food and absorbs nutrients into the blood
What does the urinary system include? (4)
Kidneys, uterers,urinary bladder and urethra which remove metabolic waste from the blood
What does the reproductive systems for males include? (4)
Prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis and penis and produce and transports sperm
What does the female reproductive system include? (5)
Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina and produces and transports eggs
What is ananatomical position?
Body standing upright, feet shoulder width apart, with upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forward
What are the 3 directional terms?
Anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal, superior/cranal
What is anterior?
Front of body in humans
What is posterior?
Back of body in humans
What does superior refer to?
Toward head
What does inferior refer to?
Toward tail
What is proximal and distal?
Proximal = closer to trunk and distal is further from trunk
What is the midline of the body?
An imaginary line that runs down the middle of the body
What does medial and lateral mean?
Medial is closer to midline and lateral is further
What are superficial and deep?
Superficial is closer to the surface of body and deep is further away
What are the Two regions of the body?
Axial and appendicular
What does axial comprise of?
Head, neck and trunk
What does appendicular comprise of?
Upper and lower limbs or appendages
What are the planes of section?
Sagittal, frontal/coronal plane, transverse /horizontal, oblique/ cross sectional plane
What are the variations of the sagittal plane?
Midsagittal plane and para sagittal plane
What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
Left and right vertical sections
What does the frontal plane divide the body into?
Anterior and posterior
What does transverse plane divide the body to? (OR)
Divides body into superior and inferior sections or proximal and distal sections
When are oblique planes use?
When structures are difficult to examine using only the 3 primary planes
