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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 24: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Name organs in the digestive system.

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Pancreas
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2
Q

List accessory structures of the digestive system.

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. Liver
  4. Gallbladder
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3
Q

The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is…

A

ingestion

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4
Q

the lining of the digestive tract plays a defensive role by protecting surrounding tissues against…

A
  1. corrosive effects of digestive acids and enzymes
  2. mechanical stresses
  3. pathogenic organisms swallowed with food
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5
Q

sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes…

A

muscular inhibition and relaxation

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6
Q

the mucous-producing, unicellular glands found in the mucosal epithelium of the stomach and small and large intestine are..

A

mucous (goblet) cells

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7
Q

which of the layers of the digestive tube is most responsible for peristalsis along the esophagus?

A

muscularis externa

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8
Q

the muscular layers involved with peristalsis are described as…

A

circular and longitudinal

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9
Q

swirling, mixing, and churning motions of the digestive tract provide…

A

mechanical processing after ingestion

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10
Q

powerful peristaltic contractions moving the contents of the colon toward the rectum are called…

A

mass movements

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11
Q

accelerated secretions by the salivary glands, resulting in the production of watery saliva containing abundant enzymes, are promoted by…

A

parasympathetic stimulation

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12
Q

the submandibular glands produce saliva, which is…

A

both mucus and serous

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13
Q

the three pairs of salivary glands that secret into the oral cavity are the…

A

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

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14
Q

crushing, mashing, and grinding food are accomplished by the action of…

A

bicuspids

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15
Q

the three phases of deglutition are…

A

buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal

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16
Q

on its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the…

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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17
Q

the pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toard the esophagus are the…

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

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18
Q

the esophageal glands that produce a mucous secretion that reduces friction between the bolus and the esophageal lining are located in the…

A

submucosa

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19
Q

the primary function of the esophagus is to…

A

convey solid foods and liquids to the stomach

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20
Q

the inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that…

A

prevents backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus

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21
Q

the hormone gastrin…

A

increases the activity of parietal and chief cells

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22
Q

the release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum is regulated by the…

A

pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

what inhibits gastric contractions?

A
  1. secretin
  2. somatostatin
  3. distention of duodenal stretch receptors
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24
Q

what is secreted by the stomach?

A

somatostatin

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25
Q

the three divisions of the small intestine are…

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

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26
Q

the myenteric plexus of the intestinal tract is found…

A

between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

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27
Q

an enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is…

A

GIP

28
Q

what happens to salivary amylase after it is swallowed?

A

it is digested and absorbed in the small intestine

29
Q

the three phases of gastric function are…

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

30
Q

bile is stored and modified in the…

A

gallbladder

31
Q

the primary functions of the liver are…

A
  1. metabolic regulation
  2. hematological regulation
  3. bile production
32
Q

the hormone that promotes the emptying of the gallbladder and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is…

A

cholecystokinin

33
Q

undigested food residues are moved through the large intestine in the following sequence:

A

cecum, colon, and rectumn

34
Q

the longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the…

A

taenia coli

35
Q

undigested food residues are moved through the colon in the following sequence:

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

36
Q

material arriving from the ileum first enters an expanded pouch called the…

A

cecum

37
Q

in addition to storage of fecal material and absorption of some vitamins, an important function of the large intestine is…

A

reabsorption of water

38
Q

the vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine are…

A

biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K

39
Q

the organic nutrients that provide energy for the human body are…

A

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

40
Q

the nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are…

A

water, electrolytes and vitamins

41
Q

the enzyme lactase, which digest lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by…

A

epithelial cells lining the small intestine

42
Q

hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to…

A

facilitate protein digestion

43
Q

a molecule absorbed into the lacteals of the lymphatic system within the walls of the small instestine is…

A

a lipid

44
Q

the intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by…

A

facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms

45
Q

when two fluids are seperated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the…

A

higher concentration of solutes

46
Q

in the elderly, the decline in olfactory and gustatory sensitivities with age can lead to…

A

dietary changes that effect the entire body

47
Q

the system that interacts with the digestive tract to control hunger, satiation, and feeding behaviors is the…

A

nervous system

48
Q

the final enzymatic steps in the digestion of carbohydrates are accomplished by…

A

brush border enzymes of the microvilli

49
Q

many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation due to the presence of…

A

pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets

50
Q

a drop of pH below 4.5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of….

A

secretin

51
Q

the stomach is divided into the following regions:

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

52
Q

the two factors that play an important part in controlling gastric emptying are…

A

stomach distention and gastrin release

53
Q

the plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for…

A

increased total surface area for absorption

54
Q

the enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones…

A

cholecystokinin and secretin

55
Q

most intestinal absorption occurs in the…

A

jejunum

56
Q

the primary functions of the intestinal juice are to…

A
  1. moisten the chyme
  2. neutralize acid
  3. dissolve digestive enzymes and products of digestion
57
Q

an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity along the entire small intestine is a result of the…

A

gastroenteric reflex

58
Q

one of the primary effects of secretin is to can an…

A

increase in secretion of buffers by the pancreas

59
Q

the prptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is…

A

GIP

60
Q

the large intestine can be divided into three major parts, the…

A

cecum, colon, and rectum

61
Q

the muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and cecum is the…

A

ileocecal valve

62
Q

the contractions that force fecal material into the rectum and produce the urge to defecate are called _________ movements.

A

mass

63
Q

a large meal containing small amounts of protein, large amounts of carbohydrates, wine, and after-dinner coffee will leave your stomach very quickly because…

A

alcohol and caffeine stimulate gastric secretion and motility

64
Q

the external anal sphincter is under voluntary control.

A

True

65
Q

The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are…

A

stretch receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic system

66
Q

when you see, smell, taste, or think of food the __________ phase of gastric secretion begins.

A

cephalic

67
Q

triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a…

A

chylomicron

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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