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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 21: Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

the layer of vascular tissue that consists of an endothelial lining and an underlying layer of connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers is the…

A

tunica intima

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2
Q

smooth muscle fibers in arteries and veins are found in the…

A

tunica media

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3
Q

one of the major characteristics of the arteries supplying peripheral tissues is that they are…

A

muscular

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4
Q

the only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstital fluids are…

A

capillaries

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5
Q

one of the primary characteristics of continous capillaries is that they prevent…

A

the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins

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6
Q

the unidirectional flow of blood in venules and medium sized veins is maintained by…

A

the presence of valves

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7
Q

the specialized arteries that are able to tolerate the pressure shock produced each time ventricular systole occurs and blood leaves the heart are…

A

elastic arteries

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8
Q

where does the greatest drop in blood pressure occur?

A

arterioles

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9
Q

if the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg, the mean arterial pressure(MAP) is…

A

100 mm Hg

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10
Q

the distinctive sounds of Korotkoff heard when taking the blood pressure are produced by…

A

turbulences as blood flows past the constricted portion of the artery

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11
Q

the phenomenon that helps maintain blood flow along the arterial network while the left ventricle is in diastole is…

A

elastic rebound

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12
Q

the most important factor in vascular resistance is…

A

friction between blood and the vessel walls

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13
Q

two factors that assist the low venous pressures in propelling blood toward the heart are…

A

elastic rebound and mean arterial pressure

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14
Q

what correctly identifies all the factors that would increase blood pressure?

A

increasing CO, decreasing SV, increasing VR, decreasing PR, increasing BV

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15
Q

the two major factors affecting blood flow rates are…

A

pressure and resistance

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16
Q

for circulation to occur, the circulatory pressure must be sufficient to overcome the…

A

total peripheral resistance

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17
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces blood volume and pressure by…

A
  1. blocking release of ADH
  2. stimulating peripheral vasodiliation
  3. increased water loss through the kidneys
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18
Q

the circulatory regulatory mechanisms that can assist in short term and long term adjustments…

A

endocrine responses

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19
Q

the regulatory mechanism that cause immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments is…

A

autoregulation

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20
Q

the central regulation of cardiac output primarily involves the activities of the…

A

autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

an increase in cardiac output normally occurs during…

A

widespread sympathetic stimulation

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22
Q

stimulation of the vasomotor center in the medulla causes __________, and inhibition of the vasomotor center causes __________.

A

vasoconstriction; vasodilation

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23
Q

hormonal regulation by ADH, epinephrine, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine results in…

A

increasing peripheral vasoconstriction

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24
Q

the three primary interrelated changes that occur as exercise begins are…

A

increasing vasodilation, increasing venous return, and increasing cardiac output

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25
Q

the only area of the body where the blood supply is unaffected while exercising at maximum levels is the…

A

brain

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26
Q

other than near the heart, the peripheral distributions of arteries and veins on the left and right sides are…

A

generally identical on both sides

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27
Q

as the external iliac artery leaves the body trunk and enters the lower limb, it becomes the…

A

femoral artery

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28
Q

the link between adjacent arteries or veins that reduce the impact of a temporary or permanent occlusion of a single blood vessel is…

A

anastomosis

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29
Q

the four large blood vessels, two from each lung, that empty into the left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit, are the…

A

pulmonary veins

30
Q

the blood vessels that provide blood to capillary networks that surround the alveoli in the lungs are…

A

pulmonary arteries

31
Q

the three elastic arteries that originate along the aortic arch and deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulders, and arms are the…

A

brachiophalic, L common carotid, and left subclavian

32
Q

the large blood vessel that collects most of the venous blood from organs below the diaphragm is the…

A

inferior vena cava

33
Q

the three blood vessels that provide blood to all of the digestive organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are the…

A

celiac trunk and the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

34
Q

the diaphragm divides the descending aorta into…

A

superior thoracic aorta and inferior abdominal aorta

35
Q

the three branches that originate from the celiac trunk are the…

A

L gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

36
Q

except for the cardiac veins, all of the body’s systemic veins drain into either the…

A

superior or inferior vena cava

37
Q

blood from the tissues and organs of the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and upper limbs is delivered to the…

A

superior vena cava

38
Q

blood from the lower limbs, the pelvis, and the lower abdomen is delivered to the…

A

external iliac veins

39
Q

blood leaving the capillaries supplied by the celiac trunk and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries flows into the…

A

hepatic portal system

40
Q

the nutritional and respiratory needs of a fetus are provided by…

A

diffusion across the placenta

41
Q

in early fetal life, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow freely from the…

A

right atrium to the left atrium

42
Q

in the adult, the ductus arteriosus persists as a fibrous cord called the…

A

ligamentum arteriosum

43
Q

a few seconds after birth, rising O2 levels stimulate the constriction of the ductus arteriosus, isolating the…

A

pulmonary and aortic trunks

44
Q

the primary effect of a decrease in the hematocrit of elderly individuals is…

A

a lowering of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

45
Q

in the heart, age related progressive atherosclerosis causes…

A

restricted coronary circulation

46
Q

the systems responsible for modifying heart rate and regulating blood pressure are the…

A

nervous and endocrine system

47
Q

in travleing from the heart to the peripheral capillaries, blood passes through…

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles

48
Q

in general terms, blood flow (F) is directly proportional to…

A

pressure

49
Q

the goal of cardiovascular regulation is…

A

maintenence of adequate blood flow through peripheral tissues and organs

50
Q

along the length of a typical capillary, blood pressure gradually falls from about…

A

35 to 18 mm Hg

51
Q

where would you find fenestrated capillaries?

A
  1. filtration areas of the kidneys
  2. absorptive areas of the intestine
  3. endocrine glands
52
Q

the average pressure in arteries is approximately…

A

100 mm Hg

53
Q

the effective pressure in the venous system is roughly…

A

18 mm Hg

54
Q

net hydrostatic pressure forces water ______ a capillary; net osmotic pressure forces water _________ a capillary.

A

out of; into

55
Q

the condition that has the greatest influence on the level of peripheral resistance is doubling the…

A

diameter of a blood vessel

56
Q

the relationship F=P/R means that the flow is…

A

directly proportional to the pressure gradient, and inversely proportional to the resistance

57
Q

to increase blood flow to an adjacent capillary. the local controls that operate are…

A

decreasing O2, increasing CO2, and decreasing pH

58
Q

the adrenergic fibers innervating arterioles are ________ fibers that release ________ and cause ________.

A

sympathetic; norepinephrine; vasoconstricition

59
Q

two arteries formed by the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery are the…

A

common carotid and subclavian

60
Q

the artery that serves the posterior thigh is the..

A

deep femoral

61
Q

a major differences between the arterial and venous systems is that…

A

there is a dual venous drainage in the limbs

62
Q

the large vein that drains the thorax is the…

A

azygos vein

63
Q

the veins that drain the head, neck, and upper extremities are the…

A

brachiocephalics

64
Q

the veins that drain venous blood from the legs and the pelvis are the…

A

common iliacs

65
Q

the vein that drains the knee region of the body is the…

A

popliteal

66
Q

the large artery that serves the brain is the…

A

internal carotid

67
Q

the artery that links the subclavian and brachial arteries is the…

A

axillary

68
Q

the three arterial branches of the celiac trunk are the…

A

L gastric, splenic, and common hepatic

69
Q

the artery that supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine is the…

A

superior mesenteric

70
Q

the artery that supplies the pelvic organs is the…

A

internal iliac artery

71
Q

the branches of the popliteal artery are the…

A

anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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