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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 13- Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, And Spinal Reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, And Spinal Reflexes Flashcards

0
Q

In the peripheral nervous system,…

A
  1. Neuron cell bodies are located in ganglia
  2. Spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord
  3. Cranial nerves connect to the brain
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1
Q

The central nervous system consists of the…

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The axons of motor neurons that extend into the periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors are contained in a pair of…

A

Ventral roots

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3
Q

The regions of the spinal cord that are based on the regions of the vertebral column are…

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

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4
Q

The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord supplies nerves to the…

A

Shoulder girdle and arms

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5
Q

If cerebrospinal fluid was withdrawn during a spinal tap, a needle would be inserted into the…

A

Subarachnoid space

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6
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord contains…

A

Large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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7
Q

The meninx that is firmly bound to neural tissue and deep to the other meninges is the…

A

Pia mater

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8
Q

The area of the spinal cord that surrounds the central canal and is dominated by the cell bodies of neurons and glial cells is the…

A

Gray matter

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9
Q

The posterior gray horns of the spinal cord contains…

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

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10
Q

The delicate connective tissue fibers that surround individual axons of spinal nerves comprise a layer called the…

A

Endoneurium

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11
Q

The branches of the cervical plexus innervate the muscles of the…

A

Neck and extend into the thoracic cavity to control the diaphragm

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12
Q

The brachial plexus innervates the…

A

Shoulder girdle and arm

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13
Q

Divergence is the “neural circuit” that permits…

A

The broad distribution of a specific input

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14
Q

When sensory information is relayed from one part of the brain to another, the pattern is called…

A

Serial processing

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15
Q

The final step involved in a neural reflex is…

A

A response by an effector

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16
Q

The goals of information processing during a neural reflex are selection of…

A

An appropriate motor response and the activation of specific motor neurons

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17
Q

Reflexes arcs in which sensory stimulus and the motor response occur on the same side of the body are…

A

Ipsilateral

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18
Q

The basic motor patterns of innate reflexes are…

A

Genetically programmed

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19
Q

A professional skier making a rapid, automatic adjustment in body position while racing is an example of an………reflex.

A

Acquired

20
Q

When a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron, which itself serves as the processing center, the reflex is called an………reflex.

A

Monosynaptic

21
Q

The sensory receptors in the stretch Reflex are the…

A

Muscle spindles

22
Q

When one set of motor neurons is stimulated, those controlling antagonistic muscles are inhibited. This statement illustrates the principle of…

A

Reciprocal inhibition

23
Q

All polysynaptic reflexes share the same basic characteristics, which include…

A
  1. They involve pools of interneurons
  2. They are intersegmental in distribution
  3. They involve reciprocal inhibition
24
Q

As descending inhibitory synapses develop,…

A

The Babinski response disappears

25
Q

The highest level of motor control involves a series of interactions that occur…

A

In centers in the brain that can modulate or build upon reflexive motor patterns

26
Q

The designation C3 relative to the spinal cord refers to the third…

A

Cervical segment

27
Q

The specialized membranes that provide physical stability and shock absorption are the…

A

Spinal meninges

28
Q

Spinal nerves are classified as mixed nerves because they contain…

A

Both sensory and motor fibers

29
Q

The three meningeal layers of the spinal cord are the…

A

Dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater

30
Q

The cauda equina is a complex of the spinal cord that includes the…

A

Filum terminale and the ventral and dorsal roots caudal to the conus medullaris

31
Q

The epidural space is an area that contains…

A

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

32
Q

In the spinal cord, the cerebrospinal fluid is found within the…

A

Central canal and subarachnoid space

33
Q

The meninx in contact with the brain and the spinal cord is the…

A

Pia mater

34
Q

The division between the left and right sides of the spinal cord is the…

A

Anterior median fissure and the posterior median sulcus

35
Q

The axons in the white matter of the spinal cord that carry sensory information toward the brain are organized into…

A

Ascending tracts

36
Q

In reference to the vertebral column, C2 refers to the cervical nerve that…

A

Precedes vertebra C2

37
Q

The white ramus is the branch of a spinal nerve that consists of…

A

Myelinated preganglionic axons

38
Q

Unmyelinated fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wallow limbs form the…

A

Gray ramus

39
Q

The lumbar and sacral plexuses that supply the pelvic girdle and the leg include spinal nerves…

A

T12-S4

40
Q

The subarachnoid space contains…

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

41
Q

Reflexive removal of a hand from a hot stove and blinking when the eyelashes are touched are examples of………..reflexes.

A

Innate

42
Q

The most complicated responses are produced by polysynaptic responses because…

A

The interneurons can control several different muscle groups

43
Q

The duration of synaptic delay is…

A

Proportional to the number of synapses involved

44
Q

The reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle in response to a distortion of stretch receptors is the…………reflex.

A

Patellar

45
Q

Examples of somatic reflexes include…

A

Stretch, crossed extensor, corneal, and gag reflexes

46
Q

In this type of neuronal processing, many responses to a single stimulus can occur simultaneously.

A

Parallel

47
Q

In an adult, CNS injury is suspected if there is an…

A

Positive Babinski reflex

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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