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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 16: Neural Integration II > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Neural Integration II Flashcards

1
Q

A distinct similarity between the organization of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems is that both are…

A

efferent divisions that carry motor commands

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2
Q

The lower motor neurons of the SNS exert direct control over skeletal muscles. By contrast, the ANS there is…

A

a synapse of visceral motor neurons, which lie between the CNS and peripheral effector

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3
Q

The systems that coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions is the…

A

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

The division of the nervous system that “kicks in” during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency is the…

A

sympathetic division of the ANS

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5
Q

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments form part of the…

A

sympathetic division of the ANS

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6
Q

The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the…

A

white ramus

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7
Q

Sympathetic post ganglionic fibers entering the thoracic cavity can create…

A
  1. an accelerated heart rate
  2. increased force of cardiac contractions
  3. dilated respiratory passageways
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8
Q

The effect of secretions from the adrenal medulla is that they…

A

last longer than those produced by direct sympathetic stimulation

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9
Q

at their synapses with ganglionic neurons, all preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release…

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

at neuroeffector junctions, typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers release…

A

norepinephrine

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11
Q

The sympathetic division can change tissue and organ activities by…

A
  1. releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses
  2. distribution of norepinephrine by the blood stream
  3. distribution of epinephrine by the bloodstream
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12
Q

Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to…

A

keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles

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13
Q

in general, the parasympathetic division of the ANS predominates…

A

under resting condition

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14
Q

Preganglionic neurons in the parasympatheitc division of the ANS originate in the…

A

brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord

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15
Q

At synapses and neuroeffector junctions, all preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division release…

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

whethers a neurotransmitter produces stimulation or inhibition of activity depends on the…

A

response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter

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17
Q

the two types of parasympathetic receptors that occur on the postsynaptic membranes are…

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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18
Q

compared to sympathetic stimulation, the effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually…

A

more specific and localized

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19
Q

the major effects produced by the parasympathetic division include…

A
  1. secretion by digestive glands
  2. increase smooth muscle activity alone the digestive tract
  3. constriction of the respiratory passageway
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20
Q

where dual innervation exists, the two divisions of the ANS commonly have…

A

opposing effects

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21
Q

autonomic tone is present in the heart because…

A

acetylcholine released by the parasympathetic division decreases the heart rate, and norepinephrine released by the sympathetic division accelerates the heart rate

22
Q

the primary factor that determines an individual’s autonomic tone is the…

A

autonomic motor neuron activity

23
Q

the lowest level of integration in the ANS consists of…

A

visceral motor neurons that participate in cranial and spinal visceral reflexes

24
Q

coordination and regulation of sympathetic function occurs in centers in the medulla oblongata, which can be influenced directly at an additional level by activity of the…

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

a visceral reflex arc consists of a receptor, a sensory neuron, a processing center , and…

A

two visceral motor neurons

26
Q

visceral reflexes have the same basic components as somatic reflexes, but all visceral reflexes are…

A

polysynaptic

27
Q

visceral reflexes provide…

A

automatic motor responses

28
Q

when a bright light shines in the eyes, a parasympathetic reflex causes…

A

constriction of the pupils in both eyes

29
Q

the cellular mechanism that seem to be involved in memory formation and storage include…

A
  1. increased neurotransmitter release
  2. facilitation of synapses
  3. formation of additional synaptic connections
30
Q

the two components if the limbic system essential to memory consolidation are the…

A

amygdaloid body and hippocampus

31
Q

a state of awareness of and attention to external events and stimuli implies…

A

consciousness

32
Q

an important brain stem component involved in the conscious state is the…

A

reticular activation system

33
Q

when the heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and energy utilization decline by up to 30 percent, it indicates…

A

slow wave or nor-REM sleep

34
Q

compunds that inhibit serotonin production or block its action cause…

A

severe depression and anxiety

35
Q

compounds that stimulate norepinephrine release in certain brain pathways can cause…

A

exhilaration

36
Q

the most common and incapacitating form of senile dementia is…

A

Alzheimers disease

37
Q

the axon of a ganglionic neuron is called a postganglionic fiber because it carries impulses…

A

away from the ganglion

38
Q

the effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves includes…

A
  1. stimulation of secretion by sweat glands
  2. acceleration of blood flow to skeletal muscles
  3. dilation of the pupils and focusing of the eyes
39
Q

the summary effects of the collateral ganglia include…

A

redirection of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs and release of stored energy

40
Q

stimulation of alpha-1 receptors on a target cell generally cause…

A

an excitatory effect

41
Q

the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers is that…

A

preganglionic fibers are short and postganglionic fibers are long

42
Q

the parasympathetic division innervates areas serviced by the cranial nerves and innervates…

A

organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

43
Q

vasomotor reflexes are responsible for…

A

changes in the diameter of peripheral blood vessels to maintain a normal range of blood pressure

44
Q

the functions of the parasympathetic division center on…

A

relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption

45
Q

during a crisi, the event necessary for the individual to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called…

A

sympathetic activation

46
Q

the two classes of sympathetic receptors are…

A

alpha and beta receptors

47
Q

intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located…

A

inside the tissues of visceral organs

48
Q

parasympathetic preganlionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the_________plexus.

A

celiac

49
Q

sensory nerves deliver information to the CNS along…

A
  1. spinal nerves
  2. cranial nerves
  3. autonomic nerves that innervate visceral effectors
50
Q

Give examples of sympathetic reflexes.

A

baroreceptor, vasomotor, pupillary dilation, and ejaculation reflexes

51
Q

in general, the primary results of treatment with beta-blockers are…

A
  1. reducing the load on the heart and lowering peripheral blood pressure
  2. decreasing the heart rate
  3. decreasing the force of contraction of the heart
52
Q

a change or changes that occur in the synaptic organization of the brain due to aging are…

A
  1. the number of dendritic branches decreases
  2. synaptic connection are lost
  3. the rate of neurotransmitter production declines

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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