Chapter 16: Neural Integration II Flashcards
A distinct similarity between the organization of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems is that both are…
efferent divisions that carry motor commands
The lower motor neurons of the SNS exert direct control over skeletal muscles. By contrast, the ANS there is…
a synapse of visceral motor neurons, which lie between the CNS and peripheral effector
The systems that coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions is the…
autonomic nervous system
The division of the nervous system that “kicks in” during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency is the…
sympathetic division of the ANS
Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments form part of the…
sympathetic division of the ANS
The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the…
white ramus
Sympathetic post ganglionic fibers entering the thoracic cavity can create…
- an accelerated heart rate
- increased force of cardiac contractions
- dilated respiratory passageways
The effect of secretions from the adrenal medulla is that they…
last longer than those produced by direct sympathetic stimulation
at their synapses with ganglionic neurons, all preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release…
acetylcholine
at neuroeffector junctions, typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers release…
norepinephrine
The sympathetic division can change tissue and organ activities by…
- releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses
- distribution of norepinephrine by the blood stream
- distribution of epinephrine by the bloodstream
Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to…
keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles
in general, the parasympathetic division of the ANS predominates…
under resting condition
Preganglionic neurons in the parasympatheitc division of the ANS originate in the…
brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord
At synapses and neuroeffector junctions, all preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division release…
acetylcholine
whethers a neurotransmitter produces stimulation or inhibition of activity depends on the…
response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter
the two types of parasympathetic receptors that occur on the postsynaptic membranes are…
nicotinic and muscarinic
compared to sympathetic stimulation, the effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually…
more specific and localized
the major effects produced by the parasympathetic division include…
- secretion by digestive glands
- increase smooth muscle activity alone the digestive tract
- constriction of the respiratory passageway
where dual innervation exists, the two divisions of the ANS commonly have…
opposing effects
autonomic tone is present in the heart because…
acetylcholine released by the parasympathetic division decreases the heart rate, and norepinephrine released by the sympathetic division accelerates the heart rate
the primary factor that determines an individual’s autonomic tone is the…
autonomic motor neuron activity
the lowest level of integration in the ANS consists of…
visceral motor neurons that participate in cranial and spinal visceral reflexes
coordination and regulation of sympathetic function occurs in centers in the medulla oblongata, which can be influenced directly at an additional level by activity of the…
hypothalamus
