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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

the primary responsibilities of the lymphocytes in the lymphatic system are to respond to the presence of…

A
  1. invading pathogens
  2. abnormal body cells
  3. foreign particles
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2
Q

the anatomical barriers and defense mechanism that cannot distinguish one potential threat from another are called…

A

innate (nonspecific) defenses

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3
Q

the major components of the lymphatic system include…

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphoid organs

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4
Q

lymphoid organs found in the lymphatic system include…

A

spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes

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5
Q

the primary function of the lymphatic system is…

A

production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes

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6
Q

lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are…

A

helper T and suppressor T cells

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7
Q

normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the…

A

red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

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8
Q

the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the…

A

adult spleen

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9
Q

the reticular epithelial cells in the cortex of the thymus maintain the blood-thymus barrier and secrete the hormones that…

A

stimulate stem cell divisions and T-cell differentiation

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10
Q

what includes only innate defenses?

A

hair, skin, complement, inflammation, phagocytosis

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11
Q

the protective categories that prevent the approach of, deny entrance to, or limit the spread of microorganism or other environmental hazards are called…

A

nonspecific defenses

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12
Q

natural killer cells sensitive to the presence of abnormal cell membranes are primarily involved with….

A

immunological surveillance

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13
Q

a physical barrier such as the epithelial covering of the skin provides effective immunity due to its makeup, which includes…

A
  1. multiple layers
  2. a keratin coating
  3. a network of desmosomes that lock adjacent cells together
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14
Q

the “first line” of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is…

A

phagocytes

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15
Q

redness, swelling, heat, and pain are signs and symptoms associated with…

A

the inflammatory response

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16
Q

the four general characteristics of adaptive defenses include…

A

specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance

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17
Q

the two major ways that the body “carries out” the immune response are…

A

direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies

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18
Q

an adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by…

A

an antigen

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19
Q

the type of immunity that develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment is…

A

naturally acquired active immunity

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20
Q

a vaccine is an example of….

A

artificially induced active immunity

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21
Q

when an antigen appears, the immune response begins with the…

A

activation of specific T cells and B cells

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22
Q

if immune tolerance malfunctions in an individual, his or her B cells might begin to…

A

manufacture antibodies against “self” cells and tissues

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23
Q

T-cell activation leads to the formation of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells that provide…

A

cellular immunity

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24
Q

before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be process by a…

A

macrophage

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25
Q

CD8 T cells are activated by exposure to antigens bound to…

A

Class I MHC proteins

26
Q

The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are…

A

suppressor T cells

27
Q

since each kind of B cell carries its own particular antibody molecule in its cell membrane, activation can only occur in the presence of a…

A

corresponding antigen

28
Q

activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized because they…

A

synthesize and secret antibodies

29
Q

an antibody is shaped like a….

A

Y

30
Q

antigen binding changes antibody shape, exposing additional protein binding sites, which can lead to…

A

activation of the complement system

31
Q

antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of…

A

basophils and mast cells

32
Q

the antigenic determinant site is that portion of the antigen’s exposed surface where…

A

the antibody binds

33
Q

in order for an antigenic molecule to be a complete antigen, it must…

A

have at least two antigenic determinant sites

34
Q

the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen is called…

A

immunological competence

35
Q

fetal antibody production is uncommon. Rather, the developing fetus has…

A

natural passive immunity

36
Q

when an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is…

A

an autoimmune disorder

37
Q

depression of the immune system due to chronic stress may cause…

A
  1. depression of the inflammatory response
  2. a reduction in the activities and numbers of phagocytes in peripheral tissues
  3. the inhibition of interleukin secretion
38
Q

the effects of tumor necrosis factor in the body are to…

A
  1. slow tumor growth and kill sensitive tumor cells
  2. stimulate granulocyte production
  3. increase T-cell sensitivity to interleukins
39
Q

the major functions of interleukins in the immune system are to…

A
  1. increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
  2. stimulate B-cell activity, plasma-cell formation, and antibody production
  3. enhance innate defenses
40
Q

with advancing age, B cells are less responsive, causing a…

A

decreased antibody level after antigen exposure

41
Q

the lymphatic system influences nervous system activity by…

A

releasing cytokines that affect hypothalamic production of CRH and TRH

42
Q

the three different classes of lymphocytes in the blood are…

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

43
Q

the primary effects of complement activation include…

A
  1. destruction of target cells membranes
  2. stimulation of inflammation
  3. attraction of phagocytes and enhancement of phagocytosis
44
Q

What best defines the lymphatic system?

A

a one-way route from the interstitial fluid to the blood

45
Q

tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the…

A

lymph capillaries

46
Q

the larger lymphatic vessels contain valves.

A

True

47
Q

a localized tissue response to injury is…

A

the inflammatory response

48
Q

chemical mediators of inflammation include…

A

histmaine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes

49
Q

T lymphocytes comprise approximately ___________ percent of circulating lymphocytes.

A

70-80

50
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate into…

A

memory and plasma cells

51
Q

___________ cells may activate B cells, whereas ___________ cells inhibit the activity of B cells.

A

helper T; suppressor T

52
Q

the primary response of T-cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.

A

cytotoxic T

53
Q

the vaccination of antigenic materials into the body is called…

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

54
Q

in passive immunity, ___________ are transferred from another source.

A

antibodies

55
Q

the lymphatic function of the white pulp of the spleen is…

A

initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells

56
Q

a person with type AB blood has…

A

neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

57
Q

the antibodies produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluble proteins called…

A

immunoglobulins

58
Q

the genes found in a region called the major histocompatibility complex code for…

A

human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)

59
Q

memory B cells do not differentiate into plasma cells unless they are…

A

exposed to the same antigen a second time

60
Q

the three-dimensional “fit” between the variable segments of the antibody molecule and the corresponding antigenic determinant is referred to as the…

A

antibody-antigen complex

61
Q

one of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is…

A

depression of the inflammatory response

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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