Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards
the primary responsibilities of the lymphocytes in the lymphatic system are to respond to the presence of…
- invading pathogens
- abnormal body cells
- foreign particles
the anatomical barriers and defense mechanism that cannot distinguish one potential threat from another are called…
innate (nonspecific) defenses
the major components of the lymphatic system include…
lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphoid organs
lymphoid organs found in the lymphatic system include…
spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes
the primary function of the lymphatic system is…
production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are…
helper T and suppressor T cells
normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the…
red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the…
adult spleen
the reticular epithelial cells in the cortex of the thymus maintain the blood-thymus barrier and secrete the hormones that…
stimulate stem cell divisions and T-cell differentiation
what includes only innate defenses?
hair, skin, complement, inflammation, phagocytosis
the protective categories that prevent the approach of, deny entrance to, or limit the spread of microorganism or other environmental hazards are called…
nonspecific defenses
natural killer cells sensitive to the presence of abnormal cell membranes are primarily involved with….
immunological surveillance
a physical barrier such as the epithelial covering of the skin provides effective immunity due to its makeup, which includes…
- multiple layers
- a keratin coating
- a network of desmosomes that lock adjacent cells together
the “first line” of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is…
phagocytes
redness, swelling, heat, and pain are signs and symptoms associated with…
the inflammatory response
the four general characteristics of adaptive defenses include…
specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance
the two major ways that the body “carries out” the immune response are…
direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies
an adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by…
an antigen
the type of immunity that develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment is…
naturally acquired active immunity
a vaccine is an example of….
artificially induced active immunity
when an antigen appears, the immune response begins with the…
activation of specific T cells and B cells
if immune tolerance malfunctions in an individual, his or her B cells might begin to…
manufacture antibodies against “self” cells and tissues
T-cell activation leads to the formation of cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells that provide…
cellular immunity
before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be process by a…
macrophage
CD8 T cells are activated by exposure to antigens bound to…
Class I MHC proteins
The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are…
suppressor T cells
since each kind of B cell carries its own particular antibody molecule in its cell membrane, activation can only occur in the presence of a…
corresponding antigen
activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized because they…
synthesize and secret antibodies
an antibody is shaped like a….
Y
antigen binding changes antibody shape, exposing additional protein binding sites, which can lead to…
activation of the complement system
antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of…
basophils and mast cells
the antigenic determinant site is that portion of the antigen’s exposed surface where…
the antibody binds
in order for an antigenic molecule to be a complete antigen, it must…
have at least two antigenic determinant sites
the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen is called…
immunological competence
fetal antibody production is uncommon. Rather, the developing fetus has…
natural passive immunity
when an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is…
an autoimmune disorder
depression of the immune system due to chronic stress may cause…
- depression of the inflammatory response
- a reduction in the activities and numbers of phagocytes in peripheral tissues
- the inhibition of interleukin secretion
the effects of tumor necrosis factor in the body are to…
- slow tumor growth and kill sensitive tumor cells
- stimulate granulocyte production
- increase T-cell sensitivity to interleukins
the major functions of interleukins in the immune system are to…
- increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
- stimulate B-cell activity, plasma-cell formation, and antibody production
- enhance innate defenses
with advancing age, B cells are less responsive, causing a…
decreased antibody level after antigen exposure
the lymphatic system influences nervous system activity by…
releasing cytokines that affect hypothalamic production of CRH and TRH
the three different classes of lymphocytes in the blood are…
T cells, B cells, and NK cells
the primary effects of complement activation include…
- destruction of target cells membranes
- stimulation of inflammation
- attraction of phagocytes and enhancement of phagocytosis
What best defines the lymphatic system?
a one-way route from the interstitial fluid to the blood
tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the…
lymph capillaries
the larger lymphatic vessels contain valves.
True
a localized tissue response to injury is…
the inflammatory response
chemical mediators of inflammation include…
histmaine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
T lymphocytes comprise approximately ___________ percent of circulating lymphocytes.
70-80
B lymphocytes differentiate into…
memory and plasma cells
___________ cells may activate B cells, whereas ___________ cells inhibit the activity of B cells.
helper T; suppressor T
the primary response of T-cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.
cytotoxic T
the vaccination of antigenic materials into the body is called…
artificially acquired passive immunity
in passive immunity, ___________ are transferred from another source.
antibodies
the lymphatic function of the white pulp of the spleen is…
initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells
a person with type AB blood has…
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
the antibodies produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluble proteins called…
immunoglobulins
the genes found in a region called the major histocompatibility complex code for…
human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
memory B cells do not differentiate into plasma cells unless they are…
exposed to the same antigen a second time
the three-dimensional “fit” between the variable segments of the antibody molecule and the corresponding antigenic determinant is referred to as the…
antibody-antigen complex
one of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is…
depression of the inflammatory response
