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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 20: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 20: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are subdivided into the…

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

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2
Q

blood is carried away from the heart in…

A

arteries

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3
Q

the left atrium recieves blood from the pulmonary circuit and empties it into the…

A

left venticle

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4
Q

the “double pump” function of the heart includes the right side, which serve as the ________ circuit pump, while the left side serves as the _______ pump.

A

pulmonary; systemic

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5
Q

the major difference between the left and right ventricles relative to their role in heart function is…

A

the LV pumps blood through the high-resistance systemic circulation

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6
Q

the great cardiac vein drains blood from the heart muscle to the…

A

right atrium

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7
Q

the visceral pericardium, or epicardium, covers the…

A

outer surface of the heart

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8
Q

the valves of the heart are covered by the squamous epithelium, the…

A

endocardium

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9
Q

the three distinct layers of the heart wall include the…

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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10
Q

atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the_______; semilunar valves prevent backflow into the________.

A

atria; ventricles

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11
Q

blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the __________ valve.

A
  1. bicuspid
  2. L atrioventricular
  3. mitral
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12
Q

when deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through a semilunar valve, it is forced into the…

A

pulmonary arteries

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13
Q

blood from systemic circulation is returned to the right atrium by the….

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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14
Q

oxygenated blood from the systemic arteries flows into…

A

peripheral tissue capillaries

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15
Q

the lung capillaries recieve deoxygenated blood from the….

A

pulmonary arteries

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16
Q

one of the important differences between skeletal muscles tissue and cardiac muscle tissue is that cardiac muscle tissue is…

A

striated involuntary muscle

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17
Q

cardiac muscle tissue…

A

does not require nerve activity to stimulate a contraction

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18
Q

the primary difference that characterize cardiac muscle cells when comparing them to skeletal muscle fibers is…

A
  1. small size
  2. a single, centrally located nucleus
  3. the presence of intercalated discs
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19
Q

blood from coronary circulation is returned to the right atrium of the heart via…

A

the coronary sinus

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20
Q

the right coronary artery supplies blood to…

A
  1. the right atrium
  2. portions of the conducting system of the heart
  3. portions of the right and left ventricles
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21
Q

the correct sequential path of a normal action potential in the heart is:

A

SA node->AV node->AV bundle->bundle braches->Purkinje fibers

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22
Q

if the papillary muscles fail to contract, the…

A

AV valves will not close properly

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23
Q

the sinoartrial nodes acts as the pacemaker of the heart because these cells are…

A

the ones that depolarize and reach threshold first

24
Q

after the SA node is depolarized and the impulse spread through the atria, there is a slight delay before the impulse spreads to the ventricles. The importance of this delay is that it allows…

A

the atria to finish contracting

25
Q

if each heart muscle cell contracted at its own individual rate, the condition would resemble…

A

fibrillation

26
Q

the P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates…

A

atrial depolarization

27
Q

the QRS complex of the ECG appears as the…

A

ventricles depolarize

28
Q

ECGs are useful in detecting and diagnosing abnormal patterns of cardiac activity called…

A

cardiac arrhythmias

29
Q

an excessively large QRS complex often indicates that the…

A

heart has become enlarged

30
Q

the events between the start of one heartbeat and the start of the next are called the…

A

cardiac cycle

31
Q

the “lubb-dupp” sounds of the heart have practical clinical value because they provide information concerning the…

A

action and effieciency of the AV and semilunar valves

32
Q

when the chamber of the heart fills with blood and prepares for the start of the next beat, the chamber is in…

A

diastole

33
Q

at the start of atrial systole, the ventricles are filled to around _________ of capacity.

A

70 percent

34
Q

the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute is the…

A

cardiac output

35
Q

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat is the…

A

stroke volume

36
Q

under normal circumstances, the factors responsible for making delicute adjustments to the heart rate as circulatory demands change are…

A

autonomic activity and circulatory hormones

37
Q

the cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata monitor baroreceptors and chemorecpetors innervated by the…

A

glossopharyngeal N IX and vagus N X

38
Q

the atrail reflex involves adjustments in heart rate stimulated by an increase in…

A

venous return

39
Q

the difference between the end-diastolic and the end-systolic volume is the…

A

stroke volume

40
Q

the Frank-Starling principle describes the observed relationship that…

A

increasing the EDV results in an increase in the stroke volume

41
Q

parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus nerve results in…

A

a decrease in heart rate

42
Q

cutting the vagus nerve…

A

increases the heart rate

43
Q

if the heart rate is 78 bpm and the stroke volume is 80 mL per beat, the cardiac output is…

A

6240 mL/min

44
Q

assuming anatomic position, the best way to describe the specific location of the heart in the body is…

A

within the mediastinum of the thorax

45
Q

the function of the chordae tendineae is to…

A

anchor the AV valve flaps and prevent backflow of blood into the atria

46
Q

what does not show up in an electrocardiogram?

A

murmurs

47
Q

decreased parasympathetic stimulation to the heart results in…

A

accelerating heart rate

48
Q

serious arrhythmias that reduce the pumping effiencey of the hear may indicate…

A
  1. damage to the myocardium
  2. injury to the SA and AV nodes
  3. abnormalities in the ionic composition of the extracellular fluids
49
Q

what does not increase afterload?

A

vasodilation of peripheral vessels

50
Q

ventricular diastole indicates that…

A

the ventricle are “resting”

51
Q

what does not control the movement of blood through the heart?

A

size of the atria and ventricles

52
Q

the ANS can make very delicate adjustments in cardiovascular function to meet demands of other systems through…

A

dual innervation and adjustments in autonomic tone

53
Q

normally, the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is the…

A

AV bundle

54
Q

if the SA node or internodal pathways are damaged, the…

A

AV node assumes command

55
Q

tetanic contractions cannot occur in a normal cardiac muscle cell, regardless of the frequency or intensity of stimulation, because…

A

summation is not possible

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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