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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 18: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular activities are coordinated throughout the body by the endocrine system to…

A

preserve homeostasis

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2
Q

the endocrine systems regulates long-term processes such as growth and development by using…

A

chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cells

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3
Q

situations requiring split-second responses, or crisis management, are the job of the _________ system.

A

nervous

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4
Q

Gap junctions involved in direct communication between two cells of the same type serve to…

A
  1. coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells
  2. coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells
  3. facilitate the prorogation of action potentials from one neuron to the next at electrical synapses
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5
Q

an example of a functional similarity between the nervous system and the endocrine system is…

A

compounds used a hormones by the endocrine system may also function as neurotransmitters inside the CNS

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6
Q

the endocrine system expresses an organization that allows for…

A
  1. localized effects
  2. effects on distant targets
  3. simultaneous coordination of many widespread targets
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7
Q

the three different groups of hormones based on their chemical structure are…

A

amino acids derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives

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8
Q

the biogenic amino hormones include…

A

E, NE, dopamine, melatonin, and thyroid hormones

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9
Q

most peptide hormones are produced as…

A

prohormones

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10
Q

the reason steroid hormones remain in circulation longer than the other groups of hormones is because they are…

A

bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma

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11
Q

hormones alter the operations of target cells by changing the…

A

types, quantities, or activities of important enzymes and structural proteins

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12
Q

catecholamines and peptide hormones affect target organ cells by…

A

second messengers activated by G protein complexes when receptor binding occurs at the membrane surface

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13
Q

steroid hormones affect target organ cells by…

A

binding to target receptors in the nucleus

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14
Q

endocrine cells responding directly to changes in the composition of the extracellular fluid are an example of an…

A

endocrine reflex

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15
Q

the hypothalamus is a major coordinating and control center because it…

A

contains autonomic centers and acts as an endocrine organ

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16
Q

the most notable effect of ADH prooduced in the neurohypophysis of the pituatury gland is to…

A

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

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17
Q

stimulation of contractile cells in mammary tissue and uterine muscles in the female is initiated by secretion of…

A

oxytocin from the posterior pituatary

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18
Q

the structure that locks the pituitary gland in position and isolates it from the cranial cavity is the…

A

sellar diaphragm

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19
Q

the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a slender, funnel-shaped structure called the…

A

infundibulum

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20
Q

the small, oval piptuitary gland lies nestled within a depression of the sphenoid bone called the…

A

sella turcica

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21
Q

the two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones are…

A

releasing and inhibiting

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22
Q

the two gonadotropic hormones secreated by the anterior pituitary are…

A

LH and FSH

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23
Q

the hormonal effect of ACTH produced by the adenohypophysis is…

A

secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex

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24
Q

the gonadotropins FSH and LH exert their hormonal effects in the ______ of the male and female.

A

reproductive system

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25
Q

an abnormally low production of gonadotropin produces a condition called…

A

hypogonadism

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26
Q

when the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH, the result is development of…

A

diabetes insipidus

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27
Q

if abnormal amounts of glucocortoids are released by the adrenal cortex, it affects….

A

glucose metabolism

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28
Q

the thyroid gland curves across the anterior surface of the trachea just inferior to the…

A

thyroid cartilage

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29
Q

the hormones produced by the thyroid gland are…

A

a two-lobed gland united by an isthmus

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30
Q

the hormones produced by the thyroid gland are…

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

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31
Q

the overall effect of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland is…

A

an increase in cellular rates of metabolism and oxygen consumption

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32
Q

inadequate production of thyroid hormones in infants produces cretinism, a condition marked by…

A

inadequate skeletal and nervous system development

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33
Q

hypothyroidism, myxedema, and goiter may result from an inadequate amount of…

A

dietary iodide

34
Q

the two pairs of parathyroid glands are embedded in the…

A

posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands

35
Q

the net result of parathyroid hormone secretion is that it…

A

increases Ca2+ concentration in body fluids

36
Q

the highly vascularized, pyramid-shaped adrenal gland is located on the…

A

superior border of each kidney

37
Q

the adrenal cortex consists of a…

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reitcularis

38
Q

the hormones released by the adrenal medulla are…

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

39
Q

the hormonal effects produced by adrenal epinephrine are…

A
  1. increased cardiac activity
  2. increased blood glucose levels
  3. increased glycogen breakdown
40
Q

the mineralocorticoid aldosterone targets kidney cells and causes the…

A

retention of sodium ions and water, reducing body fluid losses.

41
Q

the pineal gland is located in the…

A

posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle

42
Q

the pinealocytes of the pineal gland produce the hormone melatonin, which is believed to…

A
  1. be an effective antioxidant
  2. maintain basic circadian rhythms
  3. inhibit reproductive function
43
Q

the pancreas lies in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and the small intestine in the ________ cavity.

A

abdominopelvic

44
Q

the cells of the pancreatic islets of the endocrine pancreas include…

A

alpha, beta, delta, and F cells

45
Q

the hormones produced by the pancreatic islets that regulate blood glucose concentrations are…

A

insulin and glucagon

46
Q

the pancreatic hormone pancreatic polypeptide…

A
  1. regulates production of some pancreatic enzymes
  2. inhibits gallblader contractions
  3. may control the rate of nutrient absorption
47
Q

inadequate insulin production can lead to…

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. hyperglycemia
  3. glycosuria
48
Q

a common diabetes-related medical problem is…

A

partial or complete blindness

49
Q

the normal effect of erythropoietin produced by the kidney is to…

A

stimulate red blood cell production

50
Q

one of the major effects of ANP produced by the heart is that it…

A

decreases thirst

51
Q

the thymosins produced by the thymus affect the…

A

development and maturation of lymphocytes

52
Q

testosterone produced in the interstital cells of the testes is responsible for…

A
  1. promoting the production of functional sperm
  2. determining male secondary sexual characterisitics
  3. protein synthesis in skeletal muscles
53
Q

the hormone leptin produced in adipose tissues targets the hypothalamus to affect…

A

suppression of appetite

54
Q

the two hormones that have an antagonistic or opposing effect are…

A

insulin and glucagon

55
Q

the additive effects of growth hormone and glucocorticoids illustrate the _________ effect.

A

synergistic

56
Q

the differing but complementary effect of calcitriol and parathyroid hormone on tissues involved in calcium metabolism illustrate the __________ effect.

A

integrative

57
Q

the hormones that are of primary importance to normal growth include…

A

GH, thyroid hormones, insulin, PTH, and reproductive hormones

58
Q

insulin is important to normal growth because it promotes…

A

adequate supplies of nutrients and energy for growing cells

59
Q

the body’s response to stress is the general adaption syndrome, which consists of the phases…

A
  1. alarm phase
  2. resistance phase
  3. normal development
60
Q

when the body’s temperature falls below normal, the homeostatic adjustment responses will include…

A

shivering or changes in the pattern of blood flow

61
Q

in children, when sex hormones are produced prematurely, the obvious behavioral changes will cause the child to be…

A

aggressive and assertive

62
Q

in adults, changes in the mixtures of hormones reaching the CNS can have significant effects on….

A
  1. memory and learning
  2. emotional states
  3. intellectual capabilities
63
Q

an oprganinc compound that has been implicated in causing heart and blood vessel problems, but is necessary for the production of corticosteroids, is…

A

cholesterol

64
Q

the specialized cells in the parathyroid glands that secret parathyroid hormone are…

A

chief cells

65
Q

the two basic categories of endocrine disorders are…

A

abnormal hormones production and abnormal cellular sensitivity

66
Q

the most dramatic functional change that occurs in the endocrine system due to aging is a…

A

decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones

67
Q

all of the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, heart, kidneys, thymus, digestive tract, and pancreas are…

A

peptide hormones

68
Q

________ hormones bind to plasma membrane recpetors attached to G proteins that activate second messengers to create target cell response; _______ hormones bind to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors and creat target response by turning genes on or off.

A

peptide; steroid

69
Q

the hypothalamus has a profound effect on endocrine functions through the secretion of….

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones

70
Q

a pituitary endocrine cells that is stimulated by a releasing hormone is usually _________ by the periphreal hormone it controls

A

inhibited

71
Q

endocrine reflexes, the functional counterparts of neural reflexes, can be triggered by ________ stimuli.

A
  1. humoral
  2. hormonal
  3. neural
72
Q

the body system that adjust metabolic rates and substrate utilization is the _______ system.

A

endocrine

73
Q

nurse cells in the testes support the….

A

differentiation and physical maturation of sperm

74
Q

the protein hormone prolactin is involved with…

A

production of milk

75
Q

the amino acid derivative hormone epinephrine is responsible for…

A
  1. increase cardiac activity
  2. glycogen breakdown
  3. release of lipids by adipose tissues
76
Q

the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces steriod hormones that are known as glucocorticoids because of their…

A

effects on glucose metabolism

77
Q

corticosteroids are hormones that are produced and secreted by the…

A

cortex of the adrenal glands

78
Q

the endocrine functions of the kidney and the heart include the production and secretion of the hormones…

A

erythropoietin and atrial natriuretic peptide

79
Q

the testis of the male produces the endocrine hormones…

A

ingibin and testosterone

80
Q

the endocrine tissue of the ovaries in the female produce…

A

estrogens, inhibin, and progesterone

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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