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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 12- Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Neural Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

The central nervous system consists of the…

A

Brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

The two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are the…

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

The primary functions of the nervous system include…

A
  1. Providing sensation of the internal and external environment
  2. Integrating sensory information
  3. Regulating and controlling peripheral structures and systems
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3
Q

Neurons are responsible for…

A

Information transfer and processing in the nervous system

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4
Q

The region of a neuron with voltage gated sodium channels is the…

A

Axon

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5
Q

Neurons are classified on the basis of their structure as…

A

Anaxonic, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

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6
Q

Neurons are classified on the basis of their function as…

A

Motor, sensory, and autonomic

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7
Q

Sensory neurons are responsible for carrying impulses…

A

To the central nervous system

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8
Q

Efferent pathways consist of axons that carry impulses…

A

Away from the central nervous system

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9
Q

The two major cell types in neural tissue…

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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10
Q

The types of glial cells in the central nervous system are…

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

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11
Q

The neuroglia that play a role in structural organization by tying clusters of axons together are the…

A

Oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

Depolarization of the membrane will shift the membrane potential toward…

A

0 mV

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13
Q

The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is…

A

-70 mV

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14
Q

If resting membrane potential is -70 mV and the threshold is -60 mV, a membrane potential of -62 mV will…

A

Not produce an action potential

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15
Q

An action potential is triggered when…

A

Local current reaches a voltage that opens voltage gated Na+ channels in the axon hillock

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16
Q

If resting membrane potential is -70 mV, a hyper polarized membrane is…

A

-80 mV

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17
Q

A node along the axon represents an area where there is…

A

An absence of myelin

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18
Q

The larger the diameter of the axon, the…

A

Faster an action potential will be conducted

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19
Q

The two most important factors that determine the rate of action potential propagation are the…

A

Presence or absence of a myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon

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20
Q

The reasons that active neurons need ATP is to support the…

A
  1. Synthesis, release, and recycling of neurotransmitter molecules
  2. Recovery from action potentials
  3. Movement of materials to and from the soma via axoplasmic flow
21
Q

At an electrical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together at…

A

Gap junctions

22
Q

Chemical synapses differ from electric synapses, because chemical synapses…

A

Involve a neurotransmitter

23
Q

The effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the…

A

Properties of the receptor

24
Q

Exocytosis and the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is triggered by…

A

Calcium ions flooding into the axoplasm

25
Q

The normal stimulus for neurotransmitter release is the depolarization of the synaptic terminal by the…

A

Arrival of an action potential

26
Q

Compounds that alter presynaptic or postsynaptic function, thereby affecting information processing, are…

A

Neuromodulators

27
Q

Compounds that have an indirect effect on membrane potential work through intermediaries known as…

A

Second messengers

28
Q

An excitatory postsynaptic potential is…

A

A depolarization produced by the arrival of a neurotransmitter

29
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential is a…

A

Graded hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

30
Q

Graded potentials that develop in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter are…

A

Postsynaptic potentials

31
Q

The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession is…

A

Temporal summation

32
Q

The anatomical division of the nervous system responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory information is the…

A

Central nervous system

33
Q

Interneurons are responsible for…

A

Analysis of sensory inputs and coordination of motor inputs

34
Q

A long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating an action potential is the…

A

Axon

35
Q

The type of cells that surround the nerve cell bodies on peripheral ganglia are…

A

Satellite cells

36
Q

Schwann cells are glial cells responsible for…

A

Producing a myelin layer around peripheral axons

37
Q

When a barrier prevents the movement of opposite charges toward one another, an…

A

Potential difference may exist

38
Q

The membranous wrapping of electrical insulation, called myelin, around an axon is responsible for…

A

Increasing the speed at which an action potential travels along an axon

39
Q

The simplest form of information processing in the nervous system is…

A

The integration of stimuli at the level of the individual cell

40
Q

During the relative refractory period, a larger than normal depolarizing stimulus can…

A

Initiate a second action potential

41
Q

Saltatory propagation conducts impulses along an axon…

A

Five to seven times faster than contiguous propagation

42
Q

In type C fibers, action potentials are conducted at speeds of approximately…

A

2 mph

43
Q

The larger the diameter of the axon, the…

A

Faster the rate of transmission

44
Q

Facilitation in the neurons transmembrane potential refers to…

A

A shift closer to threshold

45
Q

Sensory neurons that provide information about the external environment through the sense of sight, smell, hearing, and touch are called…

A

Exteroceptors

46
Q

The main functional difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system is that the activities of the ANS are…

A

Primarily involuntary or under automatic control

47
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs reflect the activation of different types of chemically gated channels, producing…

A

Opposing effects on the transmembrane potential

48
Q

If one EPSP depolarizers the initial segment from a resting potential of -70 mV to -65 mV, and threshold is at -60 mV, an…

A

Action potential will not be generated

49
Q

An example of presynaptic facilitation is…

A

Calcium channels remaining open for a longer period, due to the influence of axoaxonic synapse activity, thus increasing the amount of neurotransmitter released

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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