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APUSH > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

How did the government help railroad companies?

A

Granted them acres of land

Withheld land from other industries for the railroads

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2
Q

How did cities rise?

A

Railroads transported supplies and food to support big populations in one area

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3
Q

Paddies

A

Irishmen that worked on the Union Pacific Railway

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4
Q

Indians vs. Railroad Workers

A

Often as railroads expanded Westward, they would come into contact with Indians and fight eachother

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5
Q

The Big Four

A

Chief financial bankers of the Central Pacific Railroad

Used two construction companies to gain profit

Stayed clean by not bribing politicians

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6
Q

What workers did the Central Pacific use?

A

Chinese

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7
Q

Great Northern Railroad

A

Thought by James J. Hill

Ran from Duluth to Seattle

Understood that in order for a railroad to be successful the land around it had to be successful, so he built up agriculture

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8
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

Offered superior railway service at lower rates

Used steel rails

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9
Q

What factor spurred the most industrialization?

A

The railroads

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10
Q

How did railroads impact the West?

A

Transported miners and supplies to the mines

Transported farmers to their fields

Destroyed the enviornment

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11
Q

Time zones

A

Previous to railways, each town had its own time zone based on the sun’s position

The railways made “standard times”

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12
Q

Jay Gould

A

swindled money out of the railroads

manipulated the system

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13
Q

Stock watering

A

railroad stock promoters made lines look better than they actually were

sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the railroad’s actual value

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14
Q

Pool

A

An agreement to divide business in a given area and share the profits

Originated in the railroads

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15
Q

What did the depression of the 1870s cause?

A

Farmers to demand a change of railroad aristocracy

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16
Q

Wabash Case

A

Individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

made the federal government in control of big business

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17
Q

Interstate Commerce Act

A

Prohibited rebates and pools

Required the railroads to publish their rates openly

Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers (cannot charge more for same travel based on company)

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18
Q

Pros and Cons of Interstate Commerce Act

A

Con: Most of the time federal government did not persecute businesses

Pro: allowed competing businesses to resolve conflicts in peaceful ways

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19
Q

Red letter law

A

The Interstate Commerce Act gave the federal government the daunting task of regulating business in the future

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20
Q

Mesabi Range

A

Iron ores found in Minnesota

Became the cornerstone of the steel industry

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21
Q

Immigration

A

provided a labor force

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22
Q

Interlocking directorates

A

Used by JP Morgan

Placing officers of his own on the boards of other companies

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23
Q

William Kelly

A

American maker of iron kettles

Discovered the Bessemer process, before Bessemer

Blow cold air on red-hot iron to make them white-hot

24
Q

Why was America so good at making steel?

A
  1. Abundant coal for fuel and iron for smelting
  2. Lots of immigrants for work force
  3. Little government regulation
25
Q

Morgan and Carnegie

A

Morgan was going to go into steel pipe tubing

Carnegie threatened to do the same

This forced Morgan to buy out the competition

Carnegie made $350 million

26
Q

United States Steel Corporation

A

Established by Morgan after he buys out Carnegie

America’s first billion dollar corporation

27
Q

Kerosene

A

Drilled by Edmund Drake in PA

Used for oil lamps

28
Q

What sparked the need for oil?

A

the lightbulb made oil lamps obsolete

this made cars the main demand for oil

29
Q

Who often led the anti-trust movements?

A

Old-money conservatives

They did not like the “new money” tycoons that made money through trusts

30
Q

Spencer and Sumner

A

Social Darwinists

Believed that social classes owed nothing to each other

Millionaires were just “survivors of the fittest”

31
Q

Reverend Russell Conwell

A

Delivered “Acres of Diamonds” sermon that argued that poor people are only poor because they did not work hard

He actually made lots of money off of this sermon

32
Q

Plutocracy

A

Government by the wealthy

33
Q

14th Amendment

A

Under the 14th amendment, often times corporations were granted the same rights as citizens

34
Q

Easy states

A

Industrialists tried to create states where restrictions on big business was limited

35
Q

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A

Forbade combinations in restraint of trade

Failed to distinguish between good and bad trusts

Contained many loopholes

36
Q

Unforeseen consequence of the Sherman Act

A

Was used to stop labor unions that restrained trade

37
Q

James Buchanan Duke

A

Used machine-made cigarettes to stimulate industry in the South

Made American Tobacco Company

38
Q

Henry Grady

A

Editor of Atlanta newspaper

Tried to argue that the South should industrialize and beat the North at their own game

39
Q

Railroads and the South

A

Railroads favored the North and charged the South more

Coal out of Birmingham was charged more no matter what direction it was being shipped

40
Q

Cotton and the South

A

The South decided to consolidate the cotton industry and bring mills down to the South

Mills were the first time that Southerners got steady wages and jobs

Piedmont Region

41
Q

What was the south mainly?

A

Agricultural

42
Q

Standard of living

A

Rose significantly during this time

43
Q

Change in time

A

Before people mainly lived by the clock of nature (farmers)

Now people had to adhere to strict time rules placed by companies

44
Q

New jobs for women

A

Stenographers and telephone operators

45
Q

Gibson Girl

A

Women now portrayed as more independent and athletic

the “new women”

46
Q

Injunctions

A

Corporations can get the court to order the strikers to go back to work

47
Q

What boasted the labor movement?

A

The Civil War

Labor was valued since so many were dying

48
Q

National Labor Union

A

1866-1877

Attracted skilled and unskilled workers

Did not allow colored people or minorities

Ended due to 1870s economic depression

49
Q

Knights of Labor

A

members had to be discreet and secretive

One big union that accepted all types of workers

Wanted better wages, hours, and safety standards

50
Q

Terence Powderly

A

Irish American that led strikes for the 8 hour workday

51
Q

John P. Altgeld

A

Governor of Illinois

Took a bold stance by pardoning those involved with Haymarket Riot

52
Q

End of the Knights of Labor

A

After the Haymarket Square Riots, the Knights of Labor were seen as anarchists

53
Q

Skilled vs. unskilled workers

A

Unskilled workers could easily be replaced

Skilled workers held all the power since they could not be easily replaced

54
Q

Samuel Gompers

A

Leader of the American Federation of Labor

Down to earth

wanted simple changes

55
Q

American Federation of Labor

A

Composed of many different skilled worker unions

not one big union, but a combination of lots of little unions

56
Q

“Trade agreement”

A

Idea to implement all union labor?

57
Q

Labor Day

A

Made an official holiday in 1894

shows how the labor movement is rising

APUSH (22 decks)

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