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APUSH > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

How did the government help railroad companies?

A

Granted them acres of land

Withheld land from other industries for the railroads

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2
Q

How did cities rise?

A

Railroads transported supplies and food to support big populations in one area

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3
Q

Paddies

A

Irishmen that worked on the Union Pacific Railway

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4
Q

Indians vs. Railroad Workers

A

Often as railroads expanded Westward, they would come into contact with Indians and fight eachother

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5
Q

The Big Four

A

Chief financial bankers of the Central Pacific Railroad

Used two construction companies to gain profit

Stayed clean by not bribing politicians

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6
Q

What workers did the Central Pacific use?

A

Chinese

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7
Q

Great Northern Railroad

A

Thought by James J. Hill

Ran from Duluth to Seattle

Understood that in order for a railroad to be successful the land around it had to be successful, so he built up agriculture

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8
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

Offered superior railway service at lower rates

Used steel rails

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9
Q

What factor spurred the most industrialization?

A

The railroads

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10
Q

How did railroads impact the West?

A

Transported miners and supplies to the mines

Transported farmers to their fields

Destroyed the enviornment

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11
Q

Time zones

A

Previous to railways, each town had its own time zone based on the sun’s position

The railways made “standard times”

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12
Q

Jay Gould

A

swindled money out of the railroads

manipulated the system

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13
Q

Stock watering

A

railroad stock promoters made lines look better than they actually were

sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the railroad’s actual value

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14
Q

Pool

A

An agreement to divide business in a given area and share the profits

Originated in the railroads

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15
Q

What did the depression of the 1870s cause?

A

Farmers to demand a change of railroad aristocracy

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16
Q

Wabash Case

A

Individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

made the federal government in control of big business

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17
Q

Interstate Commerce Act

A

Prohibited rebates and pools

Required the railroads to publish their rates openly

Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers (cannot charge more for same travel based on company)

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18
Q

Pros and Cons of Interstate Commerce Act

A

Con: Most of the time federal government did not persecute businesses

Pro: allowed competing businesses to resolve conflicts in peaceful ways

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19
Q

Red letter law

A

The Interstate Commerce Act gave the federal government the daunting task of regulating business in the future

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20
Q

Mesabi Range

A

Iron ores found in Minnesota

Became the cornerstone of the steel industry

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21
Q

Immigration

A

provided a labor force

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22
Q

Interlocking directorates

A

Used by JP Morgan

Placing officers of his own on the boards of other companies

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23
Q

William Kelly

A

American maker of iron kettles

Discovered the Bessemer process, before Bessemer

Blow cold air on red-hot iron to make them white-hot

24
Q

Why was America so good at making steel?

A
  1. Abundant coal for fuel and iron for smelting
  2. Lots of immigrants for work force
  3. Little government regulation
25
Morgan and Carnegie
Morgan was going to go into steel pipe tubing Carnegie threatened to do the same This forced Morgan to buy out the competition Carnegie made $350 million
26
United States Steel Corporation
Established by Morgan after he buys out Carnegie America's first billion dollar corporation
27
Kerosene
Drilled by Edmund Drake in PA Used for oil lamps
28
What sparked the need for oil?
the lightbulb made oil lamps obsolete this made cars the main demand for oil
29
Who often led the anti-trust movements?
Old-money conservatives They did not like the "new money" tycoons that made money through trusts
30
Spencer and Sumner
Social Darwinists Believed that social classes owed nothing to each other Millionaires were just "survivors of the fittest"
31
Reverend Russell Conwell
Delivered "Acres of Diamonds" sermon that argued that poor people are only poor because they did not work hard He actually made lots of money off of this sermon
32
Plutocracy
Government by the wealthy
33
14th Amendment
Under the 14th amendment, often times corporations were granted the same rights as citizens
34
Easy states
Industrialists tried to create states where restrictions on big business was limited
35
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Forbade combinations in restraint of trade Failed to distinguish between good and bad trusts Contained many loopholes
36
Unforeseen consequence of the Sherman Act
Was used to stop labor unions that restrained trade
37
James Buchanan Duke
Used machine-made cigarettes to stimulate industry in the South Made American Tobacco Company
38
Henry Grady
Editor of Atlanta newspaper Tried to argue that the South should industrialize and beat the North at their own game
39
Railroads and the South
Railroads favored the North and charged the South more Coal out of Birmingham was charged more no matter what direction it was being shipped
40
Cotton and the South
The South decided to consolidate the cotton industry and bring mills down to the South Mills were the first time that Southerners got steady wages and jobs Piedmont Region
41
What was the south mainly?
Agricultural
42
Standard of living
Rose significantly during this time
43
Change in time
Before people mainly lived by the clock of nature (farmers) Now people had to adhere to strict time rules placed by companies
44
New jobs for women
Stenographers and telephone operators
45
Gibson Girl
Women now portrayed as more independent and athletic the "new women"
46
Injunctions
Corporations can get the court to order the strikers to go back to work
47
What boasted the labor movement?
The Civil War Labor was valued since so many were dying
48
National Labor Union
1866-1877 Attracted skilled and unskilled workers Did not allow colored people or minorities Ended due to 1870s economic depression
49
Knights of Labor
members had to be discreet and secretive One big union that accepted all types of workers Wanted better wages, hours, and safety standards
50
Terence Powderly
Irish American that led strikes for the 8 hour workday
51
John P. Altgeld
Governor of Illinois Took a bold stance by pardoning those involved with Haymarket Riot
52
End of the Knights of Labor
After the Haymarket Square Riots, the Knights of Labor were seen as anarchists
53
Skilled vs. unskilled workers
Unskilled workers could easily be replaced Skilled workers held all the power since they could not be easily replaced
54
Samuel Gompers
Leader of the American Federation of Labor Down to earth wanted simple changes
55
American Federation of Labor
Composed of many different skilled worker unions not one big union, but a combination of lots of little unions
56
"Trade agreement"
Idea to implement all union labor?
57
Labor Day
Made an official holiday in 1894 shows how the labor movement is rising

APUSH (22 decks)

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