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S/F II > Chapter 20 Part 2 heart > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Part 2 heart Flashcards

1
Q

What forms a plate of fibrous CT between atria and ventricles?

A

Heart Skeleton

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2
Q

What forms fibrous rings around the AV and SL valves

A

Heart skeleton

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3
Q

The heart skeleton supports AV and SL valves by reinforcing valve ______

A

Openings

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4
Q

The heart skeleton acts as _________ ________ between atria and ventricles

A

electrical insulation

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5
Q

What is the rigid site to which cardiac muscle attaches?

A

Heart skeleton

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6
Q

What is the relay system for APs in the heart?

A

Conducting system

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7
Q

1% of cardiac fibers are specialized cardiac muscle cells that are ________

A

autorhythmic

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8
Q

Autorhythmic cells are also known as __________

A

Cardiac Pacemaker cells

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9
Q

Cardiac pacemaker cells are able to ________ spontaneously and pace the heart

A

depolarize

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10
Q

Cardiac pacemaker cells initiate APs that spread throughout the heart and trigger __________________

A

rhythmic contractions

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11
Q

Rhythmic contractions allow for synchronous heart activity that increases pump _________

A

effectiveness

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12
Q

what are the 5 places that are stimulated for the sequence of excitation?

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
L/R Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers

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13
Q

What heart node is located in the right atrial wall, inferior to SVC

A

SA node

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14
Q

What node is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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15
Q

The “pacemaker” is the fastest depolarization rate in the heart at _________ impulses/min

A

75

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16
Q

Sinus rhythm determines _________

A

HR

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17
Q

In the sequence of excitement, the wave of depolarization spreads via gap junctions in atria to the AV node via the _________

A

internodal pathway

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18
Q

What heart node is located in the inferior interatrial septum, superior to tricuspid valve ?

A

AV node

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19
Q

the AV node impulse is delayed by _______

A

0.1 s
(allows full atrial contraction before vents)

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20
Q

What node is located in the superior interventricular septum?

A

AV bundle

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21
Q

AV bundle is also called ______

A

bundle of His

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22
Q

What is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles?

A

AV bundle

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23
Q

What structure is nonconducting and insulates the rest of AV junction?

A

Cardiac Skeleton

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24
Q

What part of the heart extends beneath the endocardium of the interventricular septum to the apex and the L/R ventricles?

A

L/R bundle branches

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25
What heart part is located at the inferior terminal branches of the bundles?
Purkinje Fibers
26
Purkinje fibers have fewer ________
myofibrils
27
APs travel well along the Purkinje fibers much faster than other cardiac muscles because _______ and _________
intercalated discs & gap junctions
28
What is when any part of the heart other than the SA node generates a heartbeat? (Abnormal pacemaker)
Ectopic Focus
29
what can cause ectopic focus (4)?
abnormal SA node Hyperexcitable state (xs caffeine/nicotine) inflammation ischemia
30
Heart muscle inflammation or ischemia can cause ___________
cardiac tissue injury
31
IF the AV node becomes the pacemaker that is known as a ___________
Junctional rhythm
32
if the AV node is the pacemaker the heart rate is usually _______
40-60 bpm
33
If the stimulation doesn't go through the AV node that is called ___________
conduction pathway blockage
34
What is the heart rate if there is a conduction pathway blockage?
30 bpm
35
What is a record of the electrical activity of the heart?
EKG
36
EKGs are measurements of small _______ changes that occur with summation of APs in the heart at any given time
voltage
37
Electrodes are places on body surface areas like ... (3)
Chest wall upper arms legs
38
Ekgs are used to diagnose abnormalities in the _______ (non-invasively)
cardiac cycle
39
Ekgs Dx ... (3)
Abnormal conduction pathways hypertrophy/atrophy location of cardiac tissue damage
40
The P wave indicates _____
atrial depolarization (contraction)
41
The QRS wave indicates ______
ventricular Depolarization (contraction)
42
T wave and Ventricular Repolarization precedes_______
ventricular relaxation
43
What is the blood flow through the heart during 1 complete heart beat called?
cardiac cycle
44
What are the two pumps that work together in the cardiac cycle?
Atrial pump Ventricle pump
45
What heart pump is the primer pump that fills ventricles with blood?
Atrial pump
46
What heart pump is the power pump that sends blood to the body and lungs?
Ventricle pump
47
What is a predictable pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers?
Cardiac Cycle
48
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?
Systole and diastole
49
Systole is ...
contraction
50
Diastole is ...
relaxation
51
What part of the heart cycle is mid to late diastole and involves relaxed chambers with low heart pressure?
Ventricular filling
52
In ventricular filling, blood passes through the atria and AV valves passively into the ______
Ventricles
53
How full do the ventricles get during ventricular filling? (%)
70%
54
What are the three parts of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling Ventricular systole Isovolumetric Relaxation
55
In ventricular filling, when the atria contract what occurs?
Active ventricular filling (Top off)
56
What part of the cardiac cycle is where the ventricles contract and pressure closes the AV valve?
Ventricular Systole
57
What are the two parts of ventricular systole?
isovolumetric contraction Ventricular ejection
58
When briefly all valves are closed it is called ___________
isovolumetric contraction
59
When ventricle pressure increases, and the SL valves are forced open to let the blood out that is called _________
Ventricular ejection
60
What occurs in early diastole when the ventricles relax, pressure drops, and the aortic and pulmonary trunk back flow
Isovolumetric Relaxation
61
What is the brief closing of SL valves?
Isovolumetric Relaxation
62
What sounds are produced by the pumping heart?
heart sounds
63
Heart sounds are heard with a _______
stethoscope
64
Heart sounds are produced as valves ______
close
65
What are the 4 kinds of heart sounds?
S1-4
66
What is the 1st heart sound caused from the closing of AV valves? (Lub)
S1
67
s1 indicates the beginning of ____________
ventricular systole
68
What is the 2nd heart sound caused by the closing of the SL valves? (DUB)
S2
69
S2 indicates the beginning of _________
Ventricular diastole
70
What heart sound is a ventricular gallop in early diastole (turbulence)
S3
71
S3 heart sound is normal in _________ (2)
kids Athletes
72
For S3, is vs >35 that means _________
CHF
73
What heart sound is an atrial gallop in late diastole?
S4
74
S4 is always ______
abnormal
75
And S4 heart sound can indicate what two conditions?
HTN Aortic Stenosis
76
Abnormal heart sounds are also called _______
murmurs
77
Murmurs indicate cardiac __________
abnormalities
78
What abnormal heart sound is caused from blood leaking backward as valve flaps do not close properly
Incompetent/Insufficient valves
79
Regurgitation of blood in the valves can cause _______ (sound)
turbulence
80
What abnormal heart sound is indicated by a turbulent rushing sound prior to valve opening?
Stenosis (narrow/stiff)
81
both murmurs increase the amount of work done by the cardiac muscle and can lead to _______
heart failure
82
Inflammation of the valves is also known as ______________ and can cause murmurs
Rheumatic fever
83
Murmurs can be caused by ______ and _______
MI Congenital Abnormalities
84
What are two congenital abnormalities that can cause murmurs?
Septal Defect PDA

S/F II (33 decks)

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