Ch 23 Respiratory Flashcards
What are structures responsible for obtaining O2 and removing CO2 from blood
Respiratory system anatomy
What is needed to synthesize ATP
oxygen
What must be removed from blood to keep pH stable (lowers blood pH when present)
CO2
How many respiratory structures are there?
7
(4 upper, 3 lower)
What is the chamber for air inspiration
external nose
What cleans, warms and humidifies inspired air
nasal cavity
What is the throat area and passageway for air and food
pharynx
What is the voice box, which is rigid and keeps the airway open (patent)
larynx
What is the windpipe, which is the air cleaning tube to funnel inspired air to the lungs
Trachea
What are tubes that empty air into each lung
bronchi
What are air tubes/air sacs, that have alveoli and capillaries for gas exchange between air and blood
lungs
What is the physiology of the respiratory system
maintain homeostasis
What are two ways respiratory physiology maintains homeostasis?
breathing
gas exchange
Breathing is also known as ___
pulmonary ventilation
What is the act of moving air into and out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation / breathing
What zone includes structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes in the lungs?
conducting zone
What is the diffusion of gases across membranes (pulmonary and tissues)
gas exchange
What zone is within the lungs only
respiratory zone
What is the movement of gases between atmospheric air in lungs and blood
pulmonary gas exchange
What is the movement of gases between blood and body cells
tissue gas exchange
What is the action responsible for providing oxygen and removing CO2
respiration
(4 processes)
What is the act of moving air into and out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
What is the diffusion of gases in lung between alveoli and capillaries
external respiration
What is called when blood moves gases
gas transport
What is the gas exchange in tissues with oxygen out and CO2 into blood
internal respiration
What is the primary role of the respiratory system
gas exchange
What is the process by which cells derive energy from glucose
cellular respiration
What are 5 other functions of the respiratory system?
regulation of blood pH
Production of chemical mediators
Voice production
Olfaction
Protection
What respiratory function is the change of blood CO2 levels that cause a change in blood pH
regulation of blood pH
What respiratory function involves the lungs producing angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that regulates BP via Renin angiotensin system
production of chemical mediators
What respiratory function involves production of sound/speech via vocal fold
voice production
The vocal folds are the _____
true vocal vords
What respiratory function is the sense of smell, with odors trapped in nasal mucosa
olfaction
What respiratory function protects against microorganisms entry into the body and remove from respiratory surfaces
protection
The external nose is made of what?
hyaline cartilage
What two bones form the nasal bridge
frontal and maxillary
Nostrils are also called ____
external nares
What is where air enters the respiratory system
nasal cavity
What tissue lines the vestibule
stratified squamous epithelium
What two structures separates the nasal and oral areas
hard and soft palate
What are bony ridges/turbines that increase surface area and warm/humidify air before it enters the lungs
nasal conchae
What structure consists of cartilage, vomer, and perpendicular plate that separates the two nostrils
nasal septum
If the nasal septum deviates, what nighttime symptom can occur?
snoring
What are air filled extensions of the nasal caviety
paranasal sinuses
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses
maxillary
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
What the 3 functions of paranasal sinuses
speech resonance, lighten skull, warm/humidify air
What is the passageway for tear drainage
nasolacrimal duct
What in the nasal cavity traps dust?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium/ goblet cells
What is the formal term for sinus infection with inflammation of the paranasal sinus and mucous membranes
sinusitis
Excess mucous production that blockes the sinus opening can occur from what (5) things
bacteria
fungi
polyps
allergies
virus
Symptoms of Sinusitis
pain/pressure
stuffy nose
green/yellow running nose
postnasal drip
change in smell
fatigue
headache
mouth breathing
bad breath
teeth and ear pain
cough
swollen around eyes
How long do sinus infections last?
Acute _____
Chronic____
recurrent ______
2-4weeks
12+weeks
recurs >4 a year
What are Tx for sinusitis (6)
pain relivers
antibiotics
decongestants
corticosteroids
hydration
steam inhalation (drain)
what is the passageway for respiratory and digestive systems, where air, food and drink pass
pharynx
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
What region of the pharynx is the upper portion, posterior to the nasal cavity,
nasopharynx
What structure prevents swallowed food to go into the nasopharynx and nasal cavity
soft palate
The nasopharynx connects to the middle ear via what ?
pharyngotympanic tibes
What does the pharyngotympanic tube do?
Equalizes air pressure of outside to the tympanic
What region of the pharynx is posterior to the mouth, and begins at soft palate?
oropharynx
What throat structure defends against infection
tonsils
What region of the pharynx is posterior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
What structure is the voice box, and anterior to the laryngopharynx
larynx
How many cartilages make up the voice box?
9
What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx
arytenoid
cuneiform
corniculate
What are the 3 UNpaired cartilages of the larynx
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
The adams apple is prominent on what larynx cartilage
thyroid
The epiglottis is made out of what kind of cartilage?
elastic
What is the opening between the vocal fold in the larynx
glottis
What are the true vocal cords
vocal folds
What is inflammation of the vocal folds and causes hoarseness
laryngitis
What are the two categories of skeletal muscle in the larynx
intrinsic
extrinsic
Intrinsic skeletal muscle attach to arytenoid and corniculate cartilage to do what function?
open and close glottis
Extrinsic skeletal muscle attach to sternohyoid and sternothyroid to do what function
elevate larynx when swallowing
What are the 4 main functions of the larynx
maintain open passage for air movements
prevents swallowing food into lower respiratory tract
Produces speech sounds
Protects lower respiratory tract
As air moves through the vocal cords ________ (what) produces sound
vibrations
What determines amplitude of vibration and how loud the sound is when we speak
force of air
Frequency of vibrations determines what in sound production?
pitch
(high pitch = high frequency)
What structure is the windpipe that allows air to flow into the lungs
trachea
The trachea is reinforced with C shape what (prevent collapse of trachea and support)?
tracheal rings of hyaline cartilage
what is a cough aid that narrows the trachea diameter by contracting
trachealis muscle
What muscle allows air to move more forcefully through the trachea, expelling mucus and foreign objects during coughing
trachealis
What cells are in the mucous membrane of the trachea that trap dust and bacteria
goblet
What action can cause lack of goblet cells and moist stratified squamous epithelium
long term smoking
What is the division off inferior trachea
bronchi
List the lung branching structures off the trachea and where they go to (parts of lower respiratory tract)
primary bronchi -lung
2ary/lobar bronchi- lobes
tertiary/segmental bronchi- into bronchopulmonary segments
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts -alveoli sacs
alveoli
At what part of the lower respiratory tract is there less cartilage and more smooth muscle
tertiary/segmental bronchi
At what part of the lower respiratory tract is there no cartilage in the walls with only smooth muscle
terminal bronchioles
What are small air filled sacs where air and blood exchange gases
alveoli
How many alveoli are in the lungs
300 million
Alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries form where?
in the lungs
What is the site of pulmonary gas exchange
respiratory membrane
What 2 types of cells form the alveolar wall
type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
What alveolar wall cell is simple squamous and does the gas exchange (90%)
Type I pneumocytes
What alveolar wall cell is cuboidal and produces surfactant (makes it easier for alveoli to expand)
Type II pneumocytes
What is the primary organ of gas exchange
lungs
The base of the lung is close to the
diaphragm
What is the difference between the right and left lung
right is larger and 3 lobes
What is the indentation on the medial surface of the lung where strucutres (vessels and nerves) enter and exit the lung
hilum
Both lungs are contained in what body cavity
thoracic
1 of each lung is located in what cavities
pleural
Pleural cavities are lined with what kind of membrane
serous
(parietal and visceral)
What separates the two pleural cavities
mediastinum
