Ch 23 Respiratory part 2 Flashcards
What is it called when smooth muscle relaxes, making bronchiole diameter larger
bronchodilation
What is it called when smooth muscle contracts, making bronchiole diameter smaller (flow of air decreases as resistance to airflow increases)
bronchoconstriction
According to what law, is resistance to airflow proportional to the diameter of a tube
poiseuille’s law
What action increases bronchodilation, reduces resistance to air flow, and increases air movement?
exercise
What is an inflammatory chemical release of leukotrienes that causes severe bronchoconstriction that can cause death
asthma attack
What is the medication that counteracts asthma attacks by promoting smooth muscle relaxation in walls of terminal bronchioles so air can freely flow
albuterol
What action is the movement of air into and out of the lungs (involves muscles of ventilation and air pressure gradients)
pulmonary ventilation
What ventilation action involves more air in the lungs due to inspiratory muscle activity that causes more forceful contraction than normal, so there is greater thoracic volume
labored pulmonary ventilation
What term means the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles produce a faster and greater decrease in thoracic volume compared to passive recoil of thorax and lungs
forceful contraction
What kind of relationship is between pressure and volume
inverse
What is boyles law?
gas pressure = constant temperature/ volume
When we inspire, air pressure within the thoracic cavity _________
decreases
When we expire, air pressure in the thoracic cavity __________ (bc volume in thoracic cavity decreases)
increases
The greater the pressure difference (pressure gradient), the ______ the flow rate
faster
Muscle contraction:
(increase or decrease)
_____ volume
_____ Pressure
so air does …..
increase
decrease
air flows in
Muscle relaxation:
(increase or decrease)
_____ volume
_____ Pressure
so air does …..
decreases
increases
air flows out
What is the process of measuring volumes of air moving in and out of respiratory system
spirometry
What is the device or toll used to measure pulmonary volumes
spirometer
The spirometer cannot measure what 2 things
Residual volume and TLC
What pulmonary volume is normal, quiet volume of air inspired and expired with each breath (~500 ml)
tidal volume
What pulmonary volume is the amount of air inspired forcefully after normal inspiration (~3100)
Inspiratory Reserve volume (IVR)
What pulmonary volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration (~1200)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
What pulmonary volume is the volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (~2100) and allows for continued gas exchange
Residual volume (RV)
What pulmonary volume is the maximal amount you can expire after a maximal inspiration (~4800)
vital capacity
What pulmonary volume is is the sum of VC and RV (~6000)
total lung capacity (TCL)
What is the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale from lungs after fully inhaling called (~80% of total capacity)
forced vital capacity (FVC)
What measurement is forced out in 1 second, the volume of air exhaled in first second under force after maximal inhalation
Forced Expiratory Volume
What measurement is the % of FVC expired in 1 second
FEV1/ FVC ratio
What are 3 examples of obstructive lung diseases
COPD
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
What are 3 examples of restrictive lung diseases
polio
TB
fractured ribs
What is the measurement of the amount of air moved through the respiratory system in 1 minute
Minute Respiratory Volume (MRV)
how do you calculate MRV?
TV x resp rate
What are 3 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
gender/age/size/physical conditioning
disease states
compliance of lungs
What compliance of the lung problem involves decrease in inelastic fibers?
pulmonary fibrosis
What compliance of the lung problem involves collapse of alveoli
pulmonary edema
What compliance of the lung problem involves airway obstruction
asthma
What compliance of the lung problem involves deformities of the thoracic wall (2)
kyphosis, scoliosis
If you lose lung elasticity, it is easier to expand lungs so there’s greater compliance, but what bad thing happens?
recoil decreases
What disease state involves alveolar wall degeneration
emphysema
What term describes the ease of returning to original shape, after elasticity or stretch and expiration
lung recoil
lung recoil occurs due to elastic recoil and what kind of tension
surface
Immature lungs do not make enough ________ so they might collapse without it
surfactant
What respiratory syndrome is common in premature infants with gestation <28 weeks
infant respiratory distress syndrome
to prevent infant respiratory distress syndrome, you can treat the pregnant woman with what?
cortisol
– crosses placenta and promotes surfactant production
What is pressure in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura that pulls lungs outward and aids in alveolar expansion
pleural pressure
separate of pleurae can increase pressure in the pleura that can cause what to happen
pneumothorax
What is a sudden collapse of the lung called?
pneumothorax
What are the two major causes of pneumothorax
penetrating trauma
nonpenetrating trauma
What kind of lung trauma occurs from being stabbed, shot, or fractured rib
penetrating trauma
What kind of lung trauma occurs from a blow to the chest, medical procedure (catheter), disease, and severe spastic cough
nonpenetrating trauma
What is the 2 Tx for pneumothorax
chest tube (reexpand lung)
surgery
What kind of pneumothorax occurs when pressure in the pleural cavity is higher than atmospheric pressure
tension pneumothorax
What are Sx of tension pneumothorax
large are collection in pleural space (from MVA)
CP
SOB
rapid RR
hypotension
hypoxia
What is the triad of a tension pneumothorax
collapsing lung, shift in mediastinum, and rebreathing
(need needle decompression)
