Chapter 20 heart part 3 Flashcards
What is the amount of blood pumped by EACH ventricle in 1 minute called?
Cardiac Output
What is the cardiac output equation?
CO = HR x Stroke Volume
What is the number of heart beats per minute called?
HR
What is the volume of blood pumped out by 1 ventricle with each beat called?
Stroke Volume (SV)
SV correlates with force of ___________
ventricular contraction
The entire blood supply passes through each side of the heart ______ per minute
1x
The heart is a _____ pump
Double
Left sided heart failure is called _______
pulmonary congestion
in pulmonary congestion, the ______ side is fully functional, and the _____ side has inadequate ejection
right
left
In pulmonary congestion, as the blood vessels in the lungs fill with blood _____________ increases and _____ leaks into the lung tissue
Pressure
fluid
In pulmonary congestion, when the fluid leaks into the lungs it causes _________ which in turn leads to
pulmonary edema
suffocation
What is right sided heart failure also called
Peripheral Congestion
In peripheral congestion, the blood is _____
stagnant
In peripheral congestion, the blood pools in the tissue spaces so the body cannot obtain adequate ____ + _____ and remove _________
nutrients +O2
wastes
In peripheral congestion, there is swelling in the ________
extremities
failure in one side of the heart causes _____ on the other, which leads to ____________
strain
Complete heart failure
Treatment for heart failure (4)
diuretics
Decrease BP
Digitalis (increases contractility)
heart transplant
When a temporary depression is formed in the skin on applying pressure its called __________
pitting edema
If drop in BV/ heart weak and SV drops, Cardiac output is maintained via ______ and _______
increased HR and contractility
What influence HR via homeostatic mechanisms?
Temporary stressors
What are the 3 temporary stressors?
neural, chemical, physical
Factors that increase HR are ________
+ chronotropic factors
Factors that decrease HR are _________
- Chronotropic factors
Normal HR is …
60-100
> 100 bpm is
Tachycardia
<60 bpm is
Bradycardia
Triggers of tachycardia are (4)
stress
elevated temp
Drugs
heart disease
Persistent tachycardia is ________
pathological
Triggers of bradycardia are (3)
low temp
Drugs
PNS
bradycardia may be a warning of ________ after trauma
brain edema
What is the most important extrinsic control affecting HR
ANS
Emotional and physical stressor activate the _________
SNS
Norepinephrine is released at cardiac synapses and binds to _______ receptors in the heart causing SA node to fire more rapidly
beta 1 adrenergic receptors
What are the 2 regulators of the heart
hormonal and ions
What are 2 hormones that regulate HR
Epi and thyroxine
What hormone is secrete by the adrenal medulla
epi
What hormone increase BMR, directs heart action, and enhances epi and NE effect
thyroxine
hypocalcemia _____ HR
hypercalcemia _____ HR
decreased
increases
Excess elevation of calcium can lead to _______
life threatening arrythmias
What depolarizes RMP and leads to heart block or cardiac arrest
hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia is life threating and can cause ______
arrhythmias
What are other factors that effect regulation of HR (4)
Age
gender
exercise
body temps
What is fetus HR?
140-160 bpm
avg HR for females vs males
females _____
males_____
72-80
64-72
Heat increases HR by increasing _________ of cardiac cells
Basale metabolic rate
What is irregular heart rhythm due to intrinsic conduction system defects
arrythmia
Arrhythmias are caused from _________ atrial and ventricular contractions
uncoordinated
What is rapid and irregular out of sync contractions where SA node control is disrupted by rapid activity in other parts of the heart
Fibrillation
What is like a squirming bag of worms, useless as pump
fibrillation
if in fibrillation the need for ________ is ASAP
defibrillation
What uses an electrical shock to disrupt twitching by depolarizing the entire myocardium
defibrillation
What does constant monitoring of the heart rhythms and slows an abnormally fast HR or shock given when heart fibrillates
implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs)
Prolonged coronary blockage with ischemia for >20 minutes causes ______
MI
Cardiac tissue is amitotic so once dead its replaced with ________
noncontractile scar tissue
Symptoms of MI (4)
CP (to left arm, shoulder, jaw)
SOB
N/V
Diaphoretic (sweating)
_____ amount of females so not have CP with MI
40%
have fatigue, dizzy, abdominal pain
What is the most common cause of MI
thrombus formation in coronary artery
What surgery inserts a small balloon into the femoral artery to coronary artery, inflated, and flatten deposits
Angioplasty
Angioplasties are used to place a ______
stent
What surgery relieves effects of obstructions, using the radial artery, saphenous vein, and internal mammary artery
coronary bypass (CABG)
What breaks down clots?
tPA
