Chapter 18 part 2 Endocrine Glands Flashcards
what is the largest endocrine only gland?
Thyroid
What are the 3 hormones produced by the thyroid
T3 (Triiodothyrinine)
T4 (thyroxine)
calcitonin
What does the thyroid regulate?
metabolism, growth & differentiation, produces heat, affects all body tissues
What is located in the anterior neck, inferior to larynx, with 2 lobes
thyroid gland
The thyroid is very …
vascular
What is circular and surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelium and filled with colloid protein)
thyroid follicles
what cells made of simple cuboidal epithelium surround the thyroid follicle
follicular cells
The thyroid follicle is the storage site of what?
thyroid hormones
What cells are located between thyroid follicles in clusters
parafollicular cells (c cells)
What cells produce calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
What is secreted in response to increased blood calcium levels
calcitonin
What occurs with decreased blood calcium and phosphate levels
bone deposit
TSH stimulates the uptake of what
iodine
idodine is incorporated into what
thyroglobulin
thyroglobulin is broken down into what two things
T3 and T4
In the blood 75% of T3 and T4 is bound to
thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
Decreased ____ stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete more TRH
T3
If TSH is high when actual thyroid hormones are low its…
hypothyroidism
Is TSH is low when actual thyroid hormones are high its…
hyperthyroidism
What disease is the autoimmune destruction of the thyroid follicular cells — mimics TSH so alot of TH is made
Graves disease (hyper)
Excessive TH production means
___ TSH
___ T3 and T4
low
high
What causes graves disease?
thyroid tumor or pituitary gland/hypothalamus origin
What is the bulging of eyes called?
Exopthalmos
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include..
increase metabolism
high body temp
weight loss, big appetite
irritability, restless
exopthalmos
hair hair
rapid BP/HR
Diarrhea
Goiter
What are 4 treatments for hyperthyroidism
1 - beta blockers
2 - antithyroid meds (PTU)
3 - surgical removal
4 - radioactive iodine
What is severe hypothyroidism called in adults?
myxedema
What is severe hypotthyroidism called in kids
cretinism/congential
What causes hypothyroidism?
diet
chemicals
hashimotos
surgical removal
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
decrease BMR
low body temperature
dry skin, course hair,
weight gain, small appetite
constipation
somnolence
goiter
weakness, apathy
treatment for hypothyroidism
replace thyroid hormone
levothyroxine
What are the 4 glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland called?
parathyroid
What regulates the production and release of PTH by the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells
The parathyroid regulates the concentration of what in the blood?
calcium
High serum calcium =
inhibit PTH
Low serum calcium =
triggers PTH release
Calcitonin and PTH work ______
antagonistically
What is usually seen with high calcium and high phosphate
hypercalcemia
Symptoms of hyperalcemia include
bone fractures, weak bones, renal stones, and heart/brain dysfunction
Hypercalcemia can occur from overactive _____
parathyroid gland
What results when too much calcium is lost in the urine or calcium is not moving from bones to bloodstream
hypocalcemia
What is caused from low PTH levels
hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia symptoms
neuromuscluar excitability
carpopedal spasm
tetany
Chvosteks sign
trousseaus sign
seizures, confusion
Prolonged QT for EKG
What is trousseaus
Inflate BP cuff for 3 minute to elicit spasm
