Chapter 15 Balance

Question 1

What part of the ear involves balance?

Answer 1

The inner ear

Question 2

The inner ear functions in …

Answer 2

Hearing and equilibrium

Question 3

Where is the inner ear located?

Answer 3

Posterior to eye orbit , petrous portion of temporal bone

Question 4

What are the 3 regions of the inner ear?

Answer 4

Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals (anterior to posterior)

Question 5

Series of bony cavities with temporal bone

Answer 5

Bony labyrinth

Question 6

What lines the bony labyrinth?

Answer 6

Endosteum

Question 7

What fluid is contained in the bony labyrinth?

Answer 7

Perilymph

Question 8

What is suspended within the bony labyrinth?

Answer 8

Membranous labyrinth

Question 9

The membranous labyrinth is filled with ____ and surrounded by ____

Answer 9

Endolymph and perilymph

Question 10

What is fluid like K+ rich icf

Answer 10

Endolymph

Question 11

What does the membranous labyrinth consist of? (3 parts)

Answer 11

Cochlear duct, saccule and Utricle, and semicircular ducts

Question 12

What conducts sound vibrations in hearing and respond to mechanical forces during body position changes and acceleration?

Answer 12

Fluids

Question 13

Consists of utricle and saccule of the vestibule

Answer 13

Static labyrinth

Question 14

What part of the vestibular area is anterior?

Answer 14

Saccule

Question 15

What is predominately involved in evaluating position of head relative to gravity?

Answer 15

Static labyrinth

Question 16

What responds to linear acceleration and deceleration (such as the change in car speed)

Answer 16

Static labyrinth

Question 17

What maintains proper head position in response to change in linear motion (walking)?

Answer 17

Static labyrinth

Question 18

What is involved in evaluating movements of the head?

Answer 18

Dynamic labyrinth

Question 19

What labyrinth is associated with semicircular canals?

Answer 19

Dynamic labyrinth

Question 20

What maintains proper head position in response to rotational movement (Turning)

Answer 20

Dynamic labyrinth

Question 21

What epithelial tissue makes up the wall of the vestibule?

Answer 21

Simple cuboidal

Question 22

What respond to the pull of gravity and report changes in head position?

Answer 22

Maculae

Question 23

Maculae are located …

Answer 23

In equilibrium receptor regions

Question 24

What has specialized 2-3 mm epithelium, consists of supporting cells and hair cells, and 1 cilium, and many microvilli?

Answer 24

Maculae

Question 25

What gelatinous mass do the hair cells embed into?

Answer 25

Otolithic membrane

Question 26

Crystal like structures composed of protein and CaCO3 rocks

Answer 26

Otoliths

Question 27

What have no axons, and directly synapse with CN VIII?

Answer 27

Hair cells

Question 28

What macula is perpendicular to the skull base?

Answer 28

Saccular macula

Question 29

What macula is parallel to skull base?

Answer 29

Utricular macula

Question 30

What determines the intensity of hair cell stimulation in balance?

Answer 30

Pattern of head movement

Question 31

Info perceived by brain for balance is handled how..

Answer 31

Subconsciously

Question 32

What is associated with semicircular canals and allows movement detection in all directions?

Answer 32

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 33

What is the enlarged base at the bottom of semi circular Canals called and what does it hold

Answer 33

Ampulla, holds the equilibrium receptor

Question 34

What is the equilibrium receptor called in dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 34

Crista ampullaris

Question 35

What receptor responds to the rotational (angular) movements of the head?

Answer 35

Crista ampullaris

Question 36

What consists of crest of epithelium and cupula, with sterocillia hair cells embedded in the cupula

Answer 36

Crista ampullaris

Question 37

No otoliths in dynamic equilibrium means …

Answer 37

No gravitational pull

Question 38

What is involved in evaluating movements of the head?

Answer 38

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 39

What liquid moves the cupula to bend hair cells?

Answer 39

Endolymph

Question 40

When semicircular canal starts to move with body…. (What way does the fluid go)

Answer 40

Endolymph is stationary and pushes cupula other direction

Question 41

The displacement of the cupula is most intense when rate of head movement changes meaning we are…

Answer 41

Detecting changes in rate movements not movement alone

Question 42

As movement continues the Endolymph will catch up to the cupula and this happens

Answer 42

Stimulation stops

Question 43

When the head stops moving (dynamic labyrinth) the Endolymph moves again this time….

Answer 43

Displacing the cupula in the same direction the head moved

Question 44

Nervous system pathway for balance receives info from …. (3 things)

Answer 44

1. Inner ear signals 2. Proprioception receptors 3. Visual system

Question 45

What is the sense of self movement, force and body position?

Answer 45

Proprioception

Question 46

What process is mediated by proprioceptors in muscles, tendons and joints

Answer 46

Equilibrium

Question 47

Signals are integrated to allow …

Answer 47

Body to maintain posture and balance

Question 48

What part of the brain are we consciously aware of sensory input detection?

Answer 48

Cerebrum

Question 49

APs associated with balance pathways are conducted to this place only

Answer 49

Vestibular area of cerebral cortex

Question 50

As we age the # of _____ and # of ______ in saccule, utricle, and ampullae decrease

Answer 50

Hair cells and otoliths

Question 51

Who are has decreased sensitivity to gravity, acceleration, and rotation?

Answer 51

Elderly

Question 52

Old people have *these symptoms* that make them fall

Answer 52

Dizziness and vertigo

Question 53

The neurons of maculae and Cristae ampullaris converge into…

Answer 53

Vestibular ganglion

Question 54

The vestibular ganglion passes sensory info to the …. (What and where in brain)

Answer 54

Vestibular nucleus in the medulla (brain stem)

Question 55

What influences postural muscles

Answer 55

Cerebellum

Question 56

Vestibular nuclei axons synapse with motor nuclei of what CNs (3 cn for eye movement)

Answer 56

CN III, IV, VI

Question 57

The vestibular nuclei in the Brian stem go where next in the brain?

Answer 57

Posterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus

Question 58

When thalamic neurons go to vestibular areas of the cerebral cortex we have a …

Answer 58

Conscious awareness of balance