Chapter 19 Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards
What a component of the cardiovascular system?
Blood :)
The heart pumps blood through the ____ _____
Blood Vessels
The blood delivers _______ and _______ to the tissues
Oxygen and Nutrients
The blood removes _____ and ______ from the body
CO2 & waste products
What is the role of blood?
To transport gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones
The blood works with what other body systems? (3)
respiratory, urinary, and endocrine systems
A main function of blood in the body is maintaining _______
Homeostasis
What are the 2 things that blood regulates?
pH and fluid/ion balance
What is the normal pH range blood is trying to stay at?
7.35-7.45
The blood plays a role in the bodys defense called the
immune system
The blood maintains body _______
temperature
The blood prevents excess bleeding via ______
coagulation
Blood is composed of specialized _______ tissue
connective
What percent of total body weight is blood?
8%
The amount of blood (liters) in body is
Females ______
Males_______
4-5L
5-6L
The liquid matrix of the blood is the _____
Plasma
What are the components of the plasma? (3)
H2O, Proteins, and Solutes
The composition percentages of the plasma are
____H2O
____Proteins
____Solutes
91%
7%
2%
What are the formed elements in the blood? (3)
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
What is the percentage in the blood?
____Plasma
____Formed Elements
55%
45%
What is the number of RBC in the blood?
4-6 million
What is the number of WBC in the blood?
4,800-10,800
What is a liquid with suspended substances called?
Colloid solution
What is solution is plasma made of?
Colloid
What are examples of plasma proteins? (3)
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
What plasma protein plays a role in blood viscosity and acts as a buffer to prevent pH change?
albumins
What are the 3 types of globulins?
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
What Globulin protects from inflammation and transports lipids?
alpha
What globulin transports iron and involved with complement (immunity)?
Beta
What globulin is involved with immunity (Ab’s)?
Gamma
What plasma protein plays a role in blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
What keeps a tight control on ions, nutrients, waste products, and gases in the plasma?
Plasma Proteins
Cells/ Cellular Fragments in the blood are known as _____ __________?
Formed elements
What in the most abundant formed element in the blood?
Erythrocytes
What formed elements make up the buffy coat?
leukocytes and thrombocytes
What percentage of volume is erythrocytes?
95%
What percentage of volume are leukocytes and thrombocytes?
5%
What is blood cell production called?
Hematopoiesis
Where does hematopoiesis occur primarily?
Bone marrow
Where do lymphocytes complete development?
Lymphatic Tissue
Where is red bone marrow located? (6)
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Proximal Femur
Humerus
What adult stem cells have the capacity to become any formed element?
Hemocytoblasts
Formed elements are formed from what cells?
Hemocytoblasts
Hemocytoblasts can form into what 2 divisions of stem cells?
Myeloid Stem Cells
Lymphoid Stem Cells
What do myeloid stem cells become? (4)
Proerythroblasts
Myeloblasts
Monoblasts
Megakaryocytes
What cell is stimulated by Erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys?
Proerythroblasts
Proerythrocytes become….
RBC
Myeloblasts become…
Granulocytic WBC
Monoblasts become….
monocytes
Megakaryocytes become…
Platelets
What do lymphoid stem cells become?
Lymphocytes
What are shaped like biconcave discs that change shape through capillaries
RBCs
What pigment in RBCs carries iron, O2 and CO2?
Hemoglobin
Is oxygen more present on hemoglobin or in dissolved in the plasma?
on hemoglobin
What percentage of O2 is on Hgb?
98.5%
What percent of O2 is dissolved in the plasma?
1.5%
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma?
7%
What percentage of CO2 in on Hgb?
23%
What percentage of CO2 converts to Bicarbonate ions?
70%
What form of hemoglobin is when it is bright red and oxygenated?
Oxyhemoglobin
What form of hemoglobin is when it is dark red with no oxygen?
Deoxyhemoglobin
What form of hemoglobin is when CO2 attaches to the globin?
Carbaminohemoglobin
What form of hemoglobin is when CO attaches to Iron?
Carboxyhemoglobin
Oxygen attaches to what site on hemoglobin?
Heme
CO2 attaches to what site on hemoglobin?
Globin
What are symptoms of CO being attached to hemoglobin?
H/A
Nausea
Unconscious
DIE
How much CO (%) is carried in the blood of cigarette smokers?
5-15%
What percentage of total RBCs are replaced a day?
1%
What process gives rise to new RBCs and takes 4 days to produce them?
Erythropoiesis
What stimulates erythropoiesis and where is it made?
Erythropoietin (EPO) from the Kidney
What are immature RBCs that lack a nucleus, are released from red bone marrow and take 2 days to mature?
Reticulocytes
_____ _______ is used to monitor RBC production
retic counts
If retic count rises it indicates a reponse to what?
Therapy for anemia
What is the normal retic count?
0.5-2% of circulating RBCs
The normal lifespan of RBC is _____
120 days (4 months)
What occurs as RBC rupture through capillaries?
Hemolysis
What is known as the RBC graveyard? (where they are recycled)
Spleen
What goes into plasma and denatures during hemolysis?
Hgb
What is an autosomal recessive disease with genetic mutation in Beta Globin chain of Hgb?
Sickle cell disease
In Sickle Cell, there is a 1 AA substitution of Glutamine to _______
Valine
People with 1 sickle cell allele are carriers that are resistant to ____ and have increased ____
malaria
fertility
How many people are sickle cell carriers in Africa?
50%
Sickle cell percentages in the US is ____% carrier and ____% disease
8
0.8
When stressed, levels of blood oxygen cause a change in RBC _____
Shape
Sickle cells lodge in capillaries which blocks blood flow resulting in _____ ______
decreased oxygen
After time, sickled RBC cannot revert to ______ _______
normal shape
Sickle cell disease symptoms (6)
pain
liver/spleen enlargement
lung and kidney damage
stroke
priapism (from venous blockage)
sickle cells rupturing
What can happen if sickled cells rupture?
Hemolytic Anemia
What are treatments for sickle cell anemia (6)
decrease blood vessel blockage
treat pain
prevent infections
hydroxyurea
bone marrow transplant
gene therapy
What is involved with immune system defense and removing dead cells and debris?
WBC/ Leukocytes
What are the two main groups of leukocytes?
granulocytes
agranulocytes
What group of leukocytes have large granules?
granulocytes
What what the 3 types of granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
What are the two groups of agranulocytes?
monocytes
lymphocytes
What kind of WBC is multilobed, polymorphonuclear, and is first to respond to an infection? (granules aren’t readily visible)
neutrophils
What WBC phagocytize bacteria and secrete lysozymes?
neutrophils
What WBC is the smallest travels to lymphatic tissue, and is involved in immunity? (small with round nucleus, sliver of cytoplasm)
lymphocytes
What WBC is the precursor to B and T cells?
lymphocytes
What WBC is the largest, becomes macrophages once enters the tissues, and plays a role in phagocytosis (kidney shaped nucleus)
monocytes
What WBC has 2 lobed nuclei, and is involved in killed parasitic worms, allergies, asthma, and modulates inflammation?
Eosinophils
What WBC is involved in allergy and inflammatory reactions, by releasing histamine and heparin?
Basophils
WBC composition percentages:
____ Neutrophils
____ Lymphocytes
____ Monocytes
____ Eosinophils
____ Basophils
50-70%
20-40%
2-8%
1-4%
0.5-1%
Which WBC has red granules with acidic dye
eosinophils
Which WBC has dark purple granules with basic dye
basophils
Thrombocytes are also called _______
platelets
What are cell fragments from megakaryocytes (large cells in BM) that are present in a small amount in the cytoplasm?
platelets
The cytoplasm of platelets contains ______ and ______ which aids in ______
actin
myosin
platelet contraction
The role of thrombocytes is to prevent/ control _____ ______
blood loss
In small vessels, thrombocytes form _____ ______ to seal holes
platelet plugs
In large vessel, platelets promote clot ______ and ______ to seal
Formation and contraction
What is the process of stopping bleeding to maintain homeostasis
hemostasis
If there is no hemostasis, the excess bleeding with cause a drop in BV and BP leading to _____
death
What are the 3 processes to achieve hemostasis?
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation
In vascular spasm, smooth muscle in BC contract and the constriction stops ____ _____
blood flow
Damage to BVs activate nervous system reflexes and chemicals (from damaged vessels and platelets) to induce ____
(hint: hemostasis)
vascular spasms
Endothelial cells release endothelin which causes ________
blood vessel constriction
What is a chemical released by platelets that causes blood vessel constriction?
thromboxanes
What occurs with the accumulation of platelets to seal small tears in blood vessels?
Platelet plug formation
What adheres to damaged vessels and other platelets to decrease blood loss?
platelet plug
platelets bind to exposed ______ on vessels (mediated by vWF protein)
collagen
What is it called when platelets bind to the exposed collagen?
platelet adhesion
After platelets adhere to collagen and are activated, a cascade and chemical release and + feedback occurs which is called ______ ______ ______
Platelet release reaction
What is the process called with the platelets activate and change shape, binding to fibrinogen to form the platelet plug?
platelet aggregation
Large tears (severe damage) require ________ to form the blood clot
coagulation
_______ traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid to form red clot
fibrin (fibers)
Activation of what factor leads to clotting?
coagulation factor
What two pathways result in fibrin formation?
extrinsic and intrinsic
What clotting pathway are the chemicals outside of the blood?
extrinsic
In the extrinsic pathway, Tissue Factor (TF) releases damaged tissue and combines with calcium to form what complex?
Factor VII
In the extrinsic pathway, Factor VII complex activates ______
Factor X activation
what clotting pathway has the chemicals intrinsic to the blood?
intrinsic
In the intrinsic pathway, Factor XII contacts collagen which activates ________
Factor XI
In the intrinsic pathway, factor XI combines with Factor VIII and Calcium to activate ______
Factor X
The extrinsic and intrinsic pathway come together to form the _______ _______
common pathway
In the common pathway, Factor X combines with Factor V and calcium to activate ________
prothrombin
In the common pathway, prothrombin turns to _____, which fibrinogen to become ______, which overall make the _______ form
thrombin
fibrin
clot
What occurs to prevent overreaction of clot formation?
clot control
What prevents coagulation factors from initiating clot formation unless needed
anticoagulants
What keeps clotting only at site of injury
anticoagulants
What are 3 anticoagulants?
antithrombin
heparin
prostacyclin
What anticoagulant is produced by the liver and slowly inactivates thrombin?
antithrombin
What anticoagulant quickly inactivates thrombin?
heparin
What anticoagulant is produced by endothelial cells and counteracts the effects of thrombin?
Prostacyclin
What anticoagulants are used exogenously in transfusions and lab blood tests?
heparin, EDTA, and sodium citrate (binds calcium)
What causes the clot to retract and condense into smaller area?
actin and myosin
Serum is exuded from the clot when ____ _______ occursl
clot retraction
When the edges of the BVs come together and blood flow stops what 2 things happen?
less infection and healing
Blood clots dissolve in a few days via ______
Fibrinolysis
What occurs when plasmin enzyme breaks down fibrin?
Fibrinolysis
