Chapter 17 Part 1 Endocrine Organization Flashcards
What are the 2 controlling systems of the body?
Endocrine and nervous
The role of the endocrine system is to….
regulate physiological processes throughout the body
What is the common goal of our body’s controlling systems?
Achieve and regulate homeostasis
Endocrine glands secrete…
Chemical messengers/ hormones
What system consists of endocrine glands and tissues
Endocrine system
Hormones transport through ____, bind to _____, and act on ______
Blood, receptors, target tissues
Are specialized cell clusters or organs (in context of this chapter)
Glands
Hormones control what in the body
Physiologic events
Examples of things hormones control (8)
Growth, tissue formation, metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, fluid and nutrition homeostasis, behavior, immune system
What process is regulated by hormones stimulating osteocytes for new bone ,strip, strengthen new neurons and synapses, and enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers?
Growth and development
What process is regulated by hormones stimulating Glucose regulation, producing food breakdown enzymes, and adjusting vital signs to metabolic demand?
Metabolism
What process is regulated by hormones stimulating Renal function (retention and excretion), regulating plasma pH, blood cell production and proteins in blood plasma?
Blood composition
What process is regulated by hormones stimulating Gametes and milk production
Reproduction
The nervous system is a ______ system whereas the endocrine is a _______ system
Wired and wireless
What system has a rapid and brief duration and close anatomic proximity?
Nervous system
Hormones are produced by what cells
Glandular epithelial cells
A wired system has a _____ effect
Localized
A wireless system has a ________ effect
Widespread
What system has a slow and long lasting duration?
Endocrine system
Some molecules can act as BOTH
Neurotransmitters and hormones (depending on source)
What type of gland has a chemical secretions dumped to gland surface for localized effect?
Exocrine glands
What glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
What messenger is produced by neurons and secreted into synapse?
Neurotransmitters
What is a cell that produces hormones that acts on itself?
Autocrine
Ex t lymphocytes
What is a cell that produces hormones that act on neighboring cells?
Paracrine
Ex somatostatin and histamine
What cells are ductless and release substance into the blood to a distant target cells
Endocrine
Hormones in Greek means
I excite
Hormone action on a target cell is highly…
Cell Specific
Hormone and target receptors are similar to a …
Lock and key
Hormones travel via
Blood
What Brain structure regulates hormones?
Hypothalamus
A hormone has distinct and specific effects at…
Target organs
What on the target cell establishes the effect the hormone will have on it?
Receptors
What is the source tissue for insulin?
Pancreatic islet cells
Where the hormone is released into the bloodstream is called the …
Source tissue
What possesses receptors for the hormone and responds to the hormone by a specific action?
Target tissue
Most cells in the body possess this kind of hormone receptor
Insulin
What is the master gland?
Pituitary gland
What are the nontraditional hormone secreting organs? (5)
Heart, kidneys, stomach, intestines, adipose tissue
The heart secretes….
Atrial natriuretic peptide
The kidneys secrete… (2)
Erythropoietin
Renin
The stomach secretes ….
Gastrin
The intestines secrete … (3)
Cytokines
Incretins
Ghrelin
The adipose tissue secretes …. (2)
Leptin
Adiponectin
What are the 3 types of stimuli control hormone release?
Humoral, hormonal, neural
What hormone production stimulus is caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients?
Humoral stimulus/control
What hormone production stimulus is caused by Neural input/ neural stimulation of the source tissue?
Neural stimulus
What hormone production stimulus is caused by another hormone
Hormonal stimulus
Glucose control by insulin and glucagon production by the pancreas is an example of what control?
Humoral
What is the only occurrence neural control?
Direct sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines (epi/nor epi) into the blood
What control depends on the blood level of the hormone produced by different source tissue?
Hormonal control
Humoral control is an example of …
Ex t3/t 4 are produced a lot by the stimulation of a little tsh
Biological amplification
What are hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones?
Tropic hormones
Hormonal control can be considered ______ to ______
Endocrine to endocrine
Most common user of hormonal control is
Anterior pituitary
Example of humoral control involving hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid ( what hormones are released)
Hypothalamus- TRH
PITUITARY- TSH
thyroid - TH
What is release for the hypothalamus to prevent topic hormone release?
Inhibitory hormones IH
What kind of feedback mechanism is humoral control?
Negative feedback
What determines hormone blood levels?
Hormone secretion patterns
What are the 3 hormone secretion patterns?
Chronic, acute, episodic
What hormone secretion pattern involves constant blood levels over long timeframe?
Chronic
Ex TH
What hormone secretion pattern involves When hormone concentrations have sudden/ irregular changes
Acute
Ex epi
What hormone secretion pattern involves When hormone is secreted at predictable intervals and concentrations, predictable bursts
Episodic
Ex reproductive hormones cyclically
What are the 2 main categories of hormones
Polar and lipophilic
What kind of hormones can’t pass through cell membranes or mucosa, perform second messenger mechanisms outside cell and must be injected?
Polar water soluble hormone
What are examples of polar hormones (3)
Catecholamines (norepinephrine, epi)
Melatonin
Calcitonin
What category on hormones travel well in blood
Polar
What hormones can cross cell membrane and be administered orally
Lipophilic (fat soluble)
Examples of lipophilic hormones (2)
Steroids
Thyroid hormone
What is the most common controlling mechanism?
Negative feedback
In negative feedback a hormones secretion is inhibited by….
The hormone itself
What is a rare endocrine controlling mechanism
Positive feedback
What controlling mechanism accelerates original process and is explosive and reinforcing
Positive feedback
Positive feedback continues until…
The action is complete
