Chapter 17 Part 1 Endocrine Organization Flashcards by Leanna Hobbs

What are the 2 controlling systems of the body?

Endocrine and nervous

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The role of the endocrine system is to….

regulate physiological processes throughout the body

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What is the common goal of our body’s controlling systems?

Achieve and regulate homeostasis

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Endocrine glands secrete…

Chemical messengers/ hormones

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What system consists of endocrine glands and tissues

Endocrine system

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Hormones transport through ____, bind to _____, and act on ______

Blood, receptors, target tissues

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Are specialized cell clusters or organs (in context of this chapter)

Glands

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Hormones control what in the body

Physiologic events

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Examples of things hormones control (8)

Growth, tissue formation, metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, fluid and nutrition homeostasis, behavior, immune system

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What process is regulated by hormones stimulating osteocytes for new bone ,strip, strengthen new neurons and synapses, and enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers?

Growth and development

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What process is regulated by hormones stimulating Glucose regulation, producing food breakdown enzymes, and adjusting vital signs to metabolic demand?

Metabolism

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What process is regulated by hormones stimulating Renal function (retention and excretion), regulating plasma pH, blood cell production and proteins in blood plasma?

Blood composition

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What process is regulated by hormones stimulating Gametes and milk production

Reproduction

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The nervous system is a ______ system whereas the endocrine is a _______ system

Wired and wireless

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What system has a rapid and brief duration and close anatomic proximity?

Nervous system

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Hormones are produced by what cells

Glandular epithelial cells

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A wired system has a _____ effect

Localized

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A wireless system has a ________ effect

Widespread

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What system has a slow and long lasting duration?

Endocrine system

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Some molecules can act as BOTH

Neurotransmitters and hormones (depending on source)

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What type of gland has a chemical secretions dumped to gland surface for localized effect?

Exocrine glands

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What glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Endocrine glands

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What messenger is produced by neurons and secreted into synapse?

Neurotransmitters

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What is a cell that produces hormones that acts on itself?

Autocrine

Ex t lymphocytes

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What is a cell that produces hormones that act on neighboring cells?

Paracrine Ex somatostatin and histamine

What cells are ductless and release substance into the blood to a distant target cells

Endocrine

Hormones in Greek means

I excite

Hormone action on a target cell is highly…

Cell Specific

Hormone and target receptors are similar to a …

Lock and key

Hormones travel via

Blood

What Brain structure regulates hormones?

Hypothalamus

A hormone has distinct and specific effects at…

Target organs

What on the target cell establishes the effect the hormone will have on it?

Receptors

What is the source tissue for insulin?

Pancreatic islet cells

Where the hormone is released into the bloodstream is called the …

Source tissue

What possesses receptors for the hormone and responds to the hormone by a specific action?

Target tissue

Most cells in the body possess this kind of hormone receptor

Insulin

What is the master gland?

Pituitary gland

What are the nontraditional hormone secreting organs? (5)

Heart, kidneys, stomach, intestines, adipose tissue

The heart secretes….

Atrial natriuretic peptide

The kidneys secrete… (2)

Erythropoietin Renin

The stomach secretes ….

Gastrin

The intestines secrete … (3)

Cytokines Incretins Ghrelin

The adipose tissue secretes …. (2)

Leptin Adiponectin

What are the 3 types of stimuli control hormone release?

Humoral, hormonal, neural

What hormone production stimulus is caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients?

Humoral stimulus/control

What hormone production stimulus is caused by Neural input/ neural stimulation of the source tissue?

Neural stimulus

What hormone production stimulus is caused by another hormone

Hormonal stimulus

Glucose control by insulin and glucagon production by the pancreas is an example of what control?

Humoral

What is the only occurrence neural control?

Direct sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines (epi/nor epi) into the blood

What control depends on the blood level of the hormone produced by different source tissue?

Hormonal control

Humoral control is an example of … Ex t3/t 4 are produced a lot by the stimulation of a little tsh

Biological amplification

What are hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones?

Tropic hormones

Hormonal control can be considered ______ to ______

Endocrine to endocrine

Most common user of hormonal control is

Anterior pituitary

Example of humoral control involving hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid ( what hormones are released)

Hypothalamus- TRH PITUITARY- TSH thyroid - TH

What is release for the hypothalamus to prevent topic hormone release?

Inhibitory hormones IH

What kind of feedback mechanism is humoral control?

Negative feedback

What determines hormone blood levels?

Hormone secretion patterns

What are the 3 hormone secretion patterns?

Chronic, acute, episodic

What hormone secretion pattern involves constant blood levels over long timeframe?

Chronic Ex TH

What hormone secretion pattern involves When hormone concentrations have sudden/ irregular changes

Acute Ex epi

What hormone secretion pattern involves When hormone is secreted at predictable intervals and concentrations, predictable bursts

Episodic Ex reproductive hormones cyclically

What are the 2 main categories of hormones

Polar and lipophilic

What kind of hormones can’t pass through cell membranes or mucosa, perform second messenger mechanisms outside cell and must be injected?

Polar water soluble hormone

What are examples of polar hormones (3)

Catecholamines (norepinephrine, epi) Melatonin Calcitonin

What category on hormones travel well in blood

Polar

What hormones can cross cell membrane and be administered orally

Lipophilic (fat soluble)

Examples of lipophilic hormones (2)

Steroids Thyroid hormone

What is the most common controlling mechanism?

Negative feedback

In negative feedback a hormones secretion is inhibited by….

The hormone itself

What is a rare endocrine controlling mechanism

Positive feedback

What controlling mechanism accelerates original process and is explosive and reinforcing

Positive feedback

Positive feedback continues until…

The action is complete