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Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 4th Canadian Edition > Chapter 20: Heart and Neck Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

It protects the heart.

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3
Q

What is the muscular layer of the heart called?

A

Myocardium.

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4
Q

Which chambers of the heart are referred to as atria?

A

Upper chambers of the heart.

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5
Q

What ensures unidirectional blood flow in the heart?

A

Valves.

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6
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricle contraction?

A

Systole.

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7
Q

What occurs during diastole?

A

Ventricles relax and fill with blood.

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8
Q

What produces the first heart sound (S1)?

A

Closure of the atrioventricular valves.

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9
Q

What is indicated by the second heart sound (S2)?

A

Closure of the semilunar valves.

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10
Q

Which component slightly precedes the tricuspid component in S1?

A

Mitral component (M1).

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11
Q

What is the first heart sound (S1) composed of?

A

Mitral component (M1) and tricuspid component (T1).

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12
Q

Which heart sound results from the closure of the semilunar valves?

A

Second heart sound (S2).

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13
Q

What do murmurs represent?

A

Turbulent blood flow causing swooshing sounds.

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14
Q

Which characteristic of heart sounds refers to how loud the sound is?

A

Intensity.

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15
Q

Where is the cardiac impulse generated?

A

Sinoatrial Node.

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16
Q

What happens at the Atrioventricular Node?

A

The impulse is delayed before continuing.

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17
Q

What is the function of the Bundle of His?

A

Transmits impulse from AV node.

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18
Q

Which structure transmits the impulse to the ventricles?

A

Bundle Branches.

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19
Q

What ultimately causes the ventricles to contract?

A

Impulse reaching the ventricles.

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20
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The product of stroke volume and heart rate.

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21
Q

What does preload refer to?

A

The venous return during diastole.

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22
Q

What is the main influence on afterload?

A

Higher pressure in the aorta.

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23
Q

What does the P wave in an ECG represent?

A

Depolarization of the atria.

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24
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate in an ECG?

A

Depolarization of the ventricles.

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25
Q

Where is the carotid artery located?

A

Between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle.

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26
Q

What do jugular veins indicate?

A

Filling pressures and volume changes in the right heart.

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27
Q

What is reflected in the jugular pulse?

A

Increased volume and pressure in right heart failure.

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28
Q

What are the components of the jugular pulse?

A

Includes five components like A wave and V wave.

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale before birth?

A

Shunts oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.

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30
Q

What does the A wave of the jugular pulse represent?

A

Atrial contraction.

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31
Q

Which component reflects the bulging of the tricuspid valve?

A

C wave.

32
Q

What does the X descent indicate in the jugular pulse?

A

Atrial relaxation and tricuspid valve movement.

33
Q

What is the significance of the V wave in the jugular pulse?

A

Corresponds to venous filling of the right atrium.

34
Q

What does the Y descent represent in the jugular pulse?

A

The emptying of the right atrium into the ventricle.

35
Q

What role does the foramen ovale play before birth?

A

Shunts oxygenated blood to the left heart.

36
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do before birth?

A

Bypasses the lungs by shunting blood from pulmonary artery to aorta.

37
Q

What event triggers significant circulatory changes at birth?

A

Lung inflation as the newborn breathes.

38
Q

During pregnancy, how much does blood volume typically increase?

A

30% to 40%.

39
Q

How does blood pressure typically change during pregnancy?

A

Generally decreases due to estrogen effects.

40
Q

What cardiovascular change is common in older adults?

A

Increased systolic pressure.

41
Q

How does left ventricular wall thickness change with age?

A

Experiences a slight increase.

42
Q

What does the heart struggle with in older adults during exercise?

A

Decreased ability to augment cardiac output.

43
Q

Which arrhythmias are older adults more likely to experience?

A

Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.

44
Q

What cardiovascular assessment should include targeted questioning?

A

Subjective data collection related to health.

45
Q

Which of the following is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A

High blood pressure.

46
Q

What lifestyle modification can influence cardiovascular disease development?

A

Improving dietary habits.

47
Q

Which symptom refers to difficulty breathing when lying down?

A

Orthopnea.

48
Q

What does cyanosis indicate in terms of skin appearance?

A

Bluish or pale skin.

49
Q

What objective data collection method evaluates carotid arteries?

A

Palpation and auscultation.

50
Q

What does inspection of the jugular venous pulse assess?

A

Characteristics of the pulse.

51
Q

Where is the Aortic Valve Area located for auscultation?

A

Second right interspace.

52
Q

What characteristic of the apical impulse is NOT assessed?

A

Color.

53
Q

Which technique is used for heart auscultation?

A

Z pattern method.

54
Q

What is a symptom of increased urination at night?

A

Nocturia.

55
Q

What is assessed when palpating carotid arteries?

A

Contour and amplitude of the pulse.

56
Q

What should you expect if jugular venous pressure is elevated?

A

Hepatojugular reflux may be performed.

57
Q

Where is the Tricuspid Valve Area located?

A

Left lower sternal border.

58
Q

In which interspace is the Mitral Valve Area found?

A

Fifth interspace near left midclavicular line.

59
Q

What part of the stethoscope is used for auscultation?

A

Diaphragm of the stethoscope.

60
Q

What pattern should be followed during auscultation?

A

Z pattern.

61
Q

What is the correct location for auscultation?

A

Fifth interspace near left midclavicular line

62
Q

What part of the stethoscope is used for auscultation?

A

Diaphragm of the stethoscope

63
Q

What pattern should be followed during auscultation?

A

Z pattern

64
Q

What aspects are assessed in heart rate and rhythm?

A

Heartbeat rate and rhythm

65
Q

Which heart sounds are evaluated separately?

A

S1 and S2

66
Q

What should be listened for in addition to normal heart sounds?

A

Extra heart sounds

67
Q

What characteristics should be evaluated if a murmur is detected?

A

Timing, loudness, pitch, and more

68
Q

What additional factors related to murmurs should be considered?

A

Quality, location, and postural changes

69
Q

What is the recommended position for apex auscultation?

A

Left lateral position

70
Q

What should be used for repeated auscultation actions?

A

Bell of the stethoscope

71
Q

In which position should a patient be for base auscultation?

A

Sitting upright

72
Q

Why is it important to educate women about heart attack symptoms?

A

They often have atypical symptoms

73
Q

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with heart attacks in women?

A

Shortness of breath

74
Q

What sensation might women experience during a heart attack?

A

Hot or cold sensations

75
Q

Which of the following is a potential indicator of a heart attack in women?

A

Indigestion

76
Q

What is a common gastrointestinal symptom of heart attack in women?

A

Vomiting

77
Q

What is a possible symptom that indicates extreme fatigue?

A

Fatigue unrelated to activity

Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 4th Canadian Edition (38 decks)

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