Chapter 20: Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards
What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart and blood vessels.
What is the function of the pericardium?
It protects the heart.
What is the muscular layer of the heart called?
Myocardium.
Which chambers of the heart are referred to as atria?
Upper chambers of the heart.
What ensures unidirectional blood flow in the heart?
Valves.
Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricle contraction?
Systole.
What occurs during diastole?
Ventricles relax and fill with blood.
What produces the first heart sound (S1)?
Closure of the atrioventricular valves.
What is indicated by the second heart sound (S2)?
Closure of the semilunar valves.
Which component slightly precedes the tricuspid component in S1?
Mitral component (M1).
What is the first heart sound (S1) composed of?
Mitral component (M1) and tricuspid component (T1).
Which heart sound results from the closure of the semilunar valves?
Second heart sound (S2).
What do murmurs represent?
Turbulent blood flow causing swooshing sounds.
Which characteristic of heart sounds refers to how loud the sound is?
Intensity.
Where is the cardiac impulse generated?
Sinoatrial Node.
What happens at the Atrioventricular Node?
The impulse is delayed before continuing.
What is the function of the Bundle of His?
Transmits impulse from AV node.
Which structure transmits the impulse to the ventricles?
Bundle Branches.
What ultimately causes the ventricles to contract?
Impulse reaching the ventricles.
What is cardiac output?
The product of stroke volume and heart rate.
What does preload refer to?
The venous return during diastole.
What is the main influence on afterload?
Higher pressure in the aorta.
What does the P wave in an ECG represent?
Depolarization of the atria.
What does the QRS complex indicate in an ECG?
Depolarization of the ventricles.
Where is the carotid artery located?
Between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle.
What do jugular veins indicate?
Filling pressures and volume changes in the right heart.
What is reflected in the jugular pulse?
Increased volume and pressure in right heart failure.
What are the components of the jugular pulse?
Includes five components like A wave and V wave.
What is the purpose of the foramen ovale before birth?
Shunts oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.
What does the A wave of the jugular pulse represent?
Atrial contraction.
Which component reflects the bulging of the tricuspid valve?
C wave.
What does the X descent indicate in the jugular pulse?
Atrial relaxation and tricuspid valve movement.
What is the significance of the V wave in the jugular pulse?
Corresponds to venous filling of the right atrium.
What does the Y descent represent in the jugular pulse?
The emptying of the right atrium into the ventricle.
What role does the foramen ovale play before birth?
Shunts oxygenated blood to the left heart.
What does the ductus arteriosus do before birth?
Bypasses the lungs by shunting blood from pulmonary artery to aorta.
What event triggers significant circulatory changes at birth?
Lung inflation as the newborn breathes.
During pregnancy, how much does blood volume typically increase?
30% to 40%.
How does blood pressure typically change during pregnancy?
Generally decreases due to estrogen effects.
What cardiovascular change is common in older adults?
Increased systolic pressure.
How does left ventricular wall thickness change with age?
Experiences a slight increase.
What does the heart struggle with in older adults during exercise?
Decreased ability to augment cardiac output.
Which arrhythmias are older adults more likely to experience?
Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.
What cardiovascular assessment should include targeted questioning?
Subjective data collection related to health.
Which of the following is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
High blood pressure.
What lifestyle modification can influence cardiovascular disease development?
Improving dietary habits.
Which symptom refers to difficulty breathing when lying down?
Orthopnea.
What does cyanosis indicate in terms of skin appearance?
Bluish or pale skin.
What objective data collection method evaluates carotid arteries?
Palpation and auscultation.
What does inspection of the jugular venous pulse assess?
Characteristics of the pulse.
Where is the Aortic Valve Area located for auscultation?
Second right interspace.
What characteristic of the apical impulse is NOT assessed?
Color.
Which technique is used for heart auscultation?
Z pattern method.
What is a symptom of increased urination at night?
Nocturia.
What is assessed when palpating carotid arteries?
Contour and amplitude of the pulse.
What should you expect if jugular venous pressure is elevated?
Hepatojugular reflux may be performed.
Where is the Tricuspid Valve Area located?
Left lower sternal border.
In which interspace is the Mitral Valve Area found?
Fifth interspace near left midclavicular line.
What part of the stethoscope is used for auscultation?
Diaphragm of the stethoscope.
What pattern should be followed during auscultation?
Z pattern.
What is the correct location for auscultation?
Fifth interspace near left midclavicular line
What part of the stethoscope is used for auscultation?
Diaphragm of the stethoscope
What pattern should be followed during auscultation?
Z pattern
What aspects are assessed in heart rate and rhythm?
Heartbeat rate and rhythm
Which heart sounds are evaluated separately?
S1 and S2
What should be listened for in addition to normal heart sounds?
Extra heart sounds
What characteristics should be evaluated if a murmur is detected?
Timing, loudness, pitch, and more
What additional factors related to murmurs should be considered?
Quality, location, and postural changes
What is the recommended position for apex auscultation?
Left lateral position
What should be used for repeated auscultation actions?
Bell of the stethoscope
In which position should a patient be for base auscultation?
Sitting upright
Why is it important to educate women about heart attack symptoms?
They often have atypical symptoms
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with heart attacks in women?
Shortness of breath
What sensation might women experience during a heart attack?
Hot or cold sensations
Which of the following is a potential indicator of a heart attack in women?
Indigestion
What is a common gastrointestinal symptom of heart attack in women?
Vomiting
What is a possible symptom that indicates extreme fatigue?
Fatigue unrelated to activity
