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Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 4th Canadian Edition > Chapter 19: Thorax and Lungs > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Thorax and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the thoracic cage?

A

Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, diaphragm

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2
Q

Where are costochondral junctions located?

A

Where ribs connect to cartilages

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3
Q

Which part of the sternum is NOT one of its sections?

A

Coracoid process

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4
Q

The sternal angle aligns with which rib?

A

Second rib

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5
Q

What does the costal angle indicate?

A

Where costal margins meet at the xiphoid

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6
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

Bony prominence of the seventh cervical vertebra

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7
Q

Where can the inferior border of the scapula typically be found?

A

At the seventh or eighth rib

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8
Q

Which line is NOT used for the chest examination?

A

Lateral femoral line

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9
Q

The midclavicular line is found in which area?

A

Anterior chest

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10
Q

What is the primary function of the diaphragm?

A

Forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

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11
Q

Which lines are used for anterior chest assessment?

A

Midsternal line and midclavicular line

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12
Q

For posterior chest evaluation, which lines are essential?

A

Vertebral line and scapular line

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13
Q

What lines are utilized for lateral chest examination?

A

Anterior, posterior, and midaxillary lines

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14
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Esophagus, trachea, heart, great vessels

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15
Q

Where are the pleural cavities located?

A

On either side of the mediastinum

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the pleural cavities?

A

They contain the lungs

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17
Q

How high is the apex of the lungs above the clavicles?

A

3 to 4 cm above the inner clavicles

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18
Q

Where does the base of the lungs rest?

A

On the diaphragm

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19
Q

What distinguishes the right lung from the left lung?

A

The right lung has three lobes, left has two.

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20
Q

Where do the lungs extend anteriorly in the right midclavicular line?

A

To the fifth intercostal space.

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21
Q

How many ribs do the lungs extend to laterally?

A

From the apex of the axilla to the seventh or eighth rib.

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22
Q

What marks the posterior apex of the lungs?

A

C7 vertebra.

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23
Q

What is the role of the pleural cavity?

A

It contains lubricating fluid and maintains negative pressure.

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24
Q

What type of pressure does the pleural cavity maintain?

A

Negative pressure.

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25
Q

How does the lubricating fluid function in the pleural cavity?

A

It prevents friction during lung expansion.

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26
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate posteriorly?

A

At the level of T4 or T5.

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27
Q

What characterizes the right bronchus compared to the left?

A

It is shorter, wider, and more vertical.

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28
Q

What protective role does the bronchial tree play?

A

It traps and sweeps away small particulate matter.

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29
Q

What is the functional unit of the respiratory tract called?

A

Acinus.

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30
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

To supply oxygen for energy production.

31
Q

What is the primary function of the bronchial tree?

A

Protects alveoli from small particulate matter.

32
Q

What identifies the acinus in the respiratory system?

A

It is the functional unit of the respiratory tract.

33
Q

What is one major function of the respiratory system?

A

Provides oxygen for energy production.

34
Q

How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?

A

Maintains acid-base balance in arterial blood.

35
Q

What is a key change in the respiratory system during pregnancy?

A

The diaphragm is elevated by 4 cm.

36
Q

When does the respiratory system reach adult size?

A

By adolescence.

37
Q

What effect does aging have on costal cartilages?

A

They become calcified.

38
Q

How does aging affect respiratory muscle strength?

A

It declines after age 50.

39
Q

What happens to lung elasticity in older adults?

A

Lung elasticity decreases, leading to less distensibility.

40
Q

What is an impact of social determinants of health on respiratory health?

A

They affect access to care and health resources.

41
Q

What global health problem is recognized and rising in Canada?

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

42
Q

What percentage of hospital admissions for children under 5 does asthma account for?

A

10%

43
Q

What trend is observed in COPD incidence since 2011?

A

Increased incidence among younger women

44
Q

Which assessment question focuses on the characteristics of a cough?

A

Frequency, duration, and characteristics

45
Q

When assessing shortness of breath, what should be noted?

A

Onset, duration, and triggers

46
Q

What additional history should be gathered for infants and children?

A

Illness history and allergies

47
Q

Which aspect is NOT assessed during the inspection of thorax and lungs?

A

Blood pressure and heart rate

48
Q

What should be observed about the patient’s position during lung assessment?

A

Use of accessory muscles

49
Q

What is assessed during palpation of the chest wall?

A

Tenderness, masses, or abnormalities

50
Q

What condition might indicate respiratory distress during examination?

A

Facial expression and level of consciousness

51
Q

What is the primary focus when assessing the quality of respirations?

A

The effectiveness and characteristics of patient’s breathing.

52
Q

What should be observed regarding the patient’s skin?

A

Discoloration or abnormalities in the skin.

53
Q

Why is the patient’s position important in a respiratory assessment?

A

It relates to their breathing ability.

54
Q

What does a facial expression indicate during assessment?

A

Signs of distress or discomfort.

55
Q

What aspect of level of consciousness should be evaluated?

A

Patient’s alertness and responsiveness.

56
Q

What does palpation of the thorax and lungs help assess?

A

The entire chest wall for abnormalities.

57
Q

What is assessed to confirm symmetrical chest expansion?

A

Palpating both posterior and anterior chest.

58
Q

What is tactile fremitus used to evaluate?

A

Transmission of sound through lung tissue.

59
Q

What should be detected during thorax palpation?

A

Lumps, masses, or tenderness in the area.

60
Q

What information is gathered through percussion of the chest?

A

Information about lung health.

61
Q

What is the significance of determining the predominant note over lung fields?

A

To assess lung health effectively.

62
Q

What is the purpose of mapping out the lower lung border?

A

To assess lung function and diaphragm movement.

63
Q

What does measuring diaphragmatic excursion indicate?

A

Diaphragm movement related to breathing.

64
Q

What is the primary goal of auscultating the chest?

A

To evaluate breath sounds.

65
Q

Where are bronchial sounds typically heard?

A

Over the trachea and mainstem bronchi.

66
Q

Which breath sounds are predominantly heard over lung fields?

A

Vesicular sounds.

67
Q

What should be done if abnormal breath sounds are detected?

A

Further assessment is necessary.

68
Q

What does bronchophony assess?

A

Clarity of spoken words through the stethoscope.

69
Q

What is whispered pectoriloquy used to evaluate?

A

Transmission of whispered sounds.

70
Q

What is Egophony commonly used to assess?

A

Changes in voice sounds.

71
Q

Forced expiratory time measures what aspect of lung function?

A

Time taken for forced expiration.

72
Q

How is arterial oxygen saturation typically assessed?

A

Using a pulse oximeter.

73
Q

What is a key focus of health promotion related to smoking?

A

Discussing risks of second-hand smoke.

74
Q

What legislation has been implemented regarding smoking in Canada?

A

Smoke-free legislation.

Jarvis: Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 4th Canadian Edition (39 decks)

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