chapter 18 Flashcards
acute illness
illness has a rapid onset and is usually short term and is treated immediately
chronic illness
long term or long lasting
scabies
skin infection caused by tiny mite called sarcoptes scabiei, where mite burrows into the skin where it lays eggs which causes intense itching and a skin rash that may look like thin burrow tracks, in folds of skin, is contagious and is spread through direct contact with a person
shingles
aka herpes zoster, caused by the same virus as chickenpox varicella zoster virus (VZV), anybody who had chickenpox can develop shingles later in life, includes pain tingling itching in area which develops into rush of fluid filled blisters similar to chickenpox, cannot be transmitted to other ppl, but someone w/o chickenpox before can get it from someone with active shingles
wound
type of injury to the skin
open wound
skin that is not intact, can be an incision, lac, abrasion, or puncture wound
incision
caused by sharp edged object, such as those made during surgery
laceration
irregular wound caused by ripping or blunt trauma such as tearing of skin during childbirth
abrasion
wound in which the top layer of skin is scraped or worn off, often by coming into moving contact with rough surface
puncture wound
break in the skin caused by sharp object such as nail or needle
closed wound
skin surface has not been broken, can be contusion or hematoma
contusion
caused by blunt force trauma that damages tissue under the skin
hematoma
caused by damage to blood vessel that causes blood to collect under the skin
dermatitis
general term that refers to an inflammation (swelling) of the skin, can be atopic dermatitis or stasis dermatitis
atopic dermatitis
aka eczema, occurs along with allergies, can be bc of phys and mental stressors or hereditary. is not contagious,
stasis dermatitis
skin condition that commonly affects the lower legs and ankles, occurs due to a buildup of fluid under the skin, which causes poor circulation and results in skin that is fragile and poorly nourished, and can lead to severe skin probs such as open ulcers and wounds, includes rash scaly red area of itching, swelling of legs, ankles, or thin tissue like skin,
fungal infections
mushroom, mold and yeasts (all fungi), some fungi like Candida nl live in skin and in viagina and itnestines but nl balances can change and cause tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) tinea cruris (jock itch) and vaginal yeas infections, tinea aka ringworm, fungal imblaances result in infections can be bc of weakened immune system or by taking abx, fungi can be diff to kill
arthritis
general term that refers to inflammation, or swelling, of the joints, causes stiffness, pain and decr mobility, can be result of aging, injury, or autoimmune illness
autoimmune illness
causes bodys immune system to attack normal tissue in the body, common types of arthritis includes osteoarthritis and RA
osteoarthritis
aka degenerative arthritis or DJD, commonly affects elderly , may occur with aging or as result of joint injury, hips knees (weight bearing) also affected, pain and stiffness seem to increase with cold weather
RA
autoimmune dz that can affect ppl of any age, joints become red, swollen, and very painful, deformities can result and may be severe and disabling, movement is eventually restricted, affects smaller joints than larger ones, fever fatigue weight loss are also sx
osteoporosis
condition in which bones lose density which causes them to be porous and brittle, which can break easily, caused by one or combo of: lack of calcium, loss of estrogen, lack of regular exercise, or reduce mobility, or age, more common in women after menopause,
fracture
broken bone caused by accident or osteoporosis
closed fx
broken bone that does not break the skin
open fx
aka compound fx, broken bone that penetrates the skin, carries high risk of infection and usually requires immediate surgery
total hip replacement (THR)
surgical replacement of the head of the long bone of the leg (femur) where it joins the hip, usu performed bc of fx hip from injury/fall that doesnt heal properly, weakened him due to aging, or hip is painful/stiff bc joint is weak and bones are no longer strong enough to bear person’s weight
PWB
R is able to support some body weight on one or both legs
NWB
R is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs
FWB
both legs can bear 100% of body weight on a step with help (cane, walker, crutches) as needed
abduction pillow
placed in between the legs to immobilize and position the hips and lower extremities
traction
or a cast, can be used to immobilize the hip, traction helps to immobilize a fx bone, relive pressure, and lessen muscle spasms due to injury, requires special care of R, traction assembly must never be disconnected and should keep weights off floor and not add or remove weights
total knee replacement (TKR)
surgical replacement of knee with prosthetic knee
prosthesis
device that replaces a body part that is missing or deformed bc of an accident, injury, illness, or birth defect, used to improve a persons ability to fn or to improve apperance, performed to relieve pain or to restore motion to a knee damaged by injury or arthritis, helps stabilize a knee that buckles or gives out repeatedly
compression stockings
plastic air filled sleev elike device applied to legs and hooked to a machine, inflates and deflates on its own, acts in same way that muscles usu do during nl circumstances
anti-embolic stockings
another type of special stocking that aids in circulation
CPM
continous passive motion, may be used after knee replacement, constantly moves knee through its nl ROM, helps speed recovery, goal is to decr stiffness, incr ROM and promote healing
muscular dystrophy (MD)
refers to a number of progressive diseases that causes a variety of physical disabilities due to muscle weakness, is an inherited dz, is slow to progress
amputation
surgical removal of some or all of a body part, usu an arm hand leg or foot, may be result of injury or dz
phantom sensation
when a person feels that the body part is still there, may experience warmth, tingling, or itching in area where limb existed
phantom limb pain
occurs when person feels pain in a limb that has been amputated, may last for short time or several years
complementary med
tx that are used in addition to the conventional tx rx by a doc
alternative med
practices and tx used instead of conventional methods,
CVA
occurs when blood supply to part of brain is blocked or blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain
MS
progressive dz that affects the CNS, occurs when myelin sheath that covers nerves, spinal cord, and white matter of brain breaks down over time, that nerves cannot send messages to and from brain in a nl way, progresses slowly and unpredictably,
head and spinal cord injuries
can be from diving, sports, falls, MVCs, industrial accidents, war, criminal violence, can range from mild confusion or memory loss to coma paralysis and death, head inuuries can cause permanent brain damage
paresis
paralysis or loss of muscle fn, that affects only part of the body often used to mean a weakness or loss of ability on one side of the body
paraplegia
loss of fn of the lower body and legs
quadriplegia
loss of fn in the legs trunk and arms
epilepsy
brain disorder that results from a disruption in nl electrical impulses int he brain which causes repeated seizures
cataracts
when lens of the eye which is normally clear, becomes cloudy, which prevents light from entering the eye, vision blurs and dims initially and eventually lost entirely, corrected with surgery
glaucoma
dz that is leading cause of blindness in the US, with this, the intraocular pressure increases, which eventually damages the retina and optic nerve, tx with eye drops and sometimes surg
diabetic retinopathy
complication of diabetes caused by damage to the retina, sx: seeing spots, blurred vision, diff seeing at night, which can lead to blindness, tx with laser tx, surg, or injection of med into eye
parkinson’s disease
progressive, incurable dz that causes a section of brain to degenerate, causes muscles to be stiff
age related macular degeneration
condition that affects ppl 50+ and occurs when macula, part of retina, gradually deteriorates, eventually causing vision loss and such probs such as inability to recognize faces, drive, read, write, peripheral vision is not affected, may evolve slowly
hypertension
over 130/80, caused by atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of blood vessels, causes HTN and results from KD, tumors of adrenal gland, preg, and certain meds
CAD
occurs when blood vessels in coronary arteries narrow, which reduces supply of blood to heart muscle and deprives it of O2 and nutrients, overtime fatty deposits block arteries and muscles supplied by blood vessels die and can lead to MI or CVA
angina pectoris
when heart muscle is not getting enough O2 and causes chest pain, pressure, or discomfort,
nitroglycerin
med that helps relax walls of coronary arteries which allows them to open and get more blood to heart
MI
when all or part of the blood flow to heart muscle is blocke,d O2 and nutrients fail to reach cells in that area, waste products not removed, and muscle cell dies, area of dead tissue may be large or small depending on artery involved
CHF
when one or both sides of heart stop pumping effectively, if left side is affected, blood backs up into lungs, if right side is affected, blood backs up into legs feet or abdomen
PVD
dz in which legs feet arms hands do not have enough blood circulation, due to fatty deposits in the blood vessels that harden over time
embolism
obstruction of a blood vessel, usually blood clot, can travel to another part of body blocking blood flow
COPD
chornic progressive dz, have trb esp with getting air out of lungs; two chronic lung dz grouped under COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema
bronchitis
irritation and inflammation of lining of bronchi, chronic bronchitis is usualyl caused by cigs, include coughing that brings up sputum and mucus, tx include stopping smoking and possibly meds
emphysema
chronic dz of lungs that usu results from chronic bronchitis and cig smokin, have trb, no cure, tx includes managing sx and pain, o2 therapy and meds may be ordered
pneumonia
illness that can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection, tx includes abx and fluids
asthma
chronic inflammatory dz, occurs when resp system is hyperactive (reacts quickly and strongly) to irritants, infection, cold air or allergens such as pollen and dust,
bronchiectasis
condition in which the bronchial tubes become abnormally enlarged, common cause is cystic fibrosis, causes chronic coughing, which produces thick white/green sputum, may have recurrent PNA and weight loss, tx includes controlling infections and preventing complications, or postural drainage
URI
commonly called cold, result of viral infection or bac infeciton of nose, sinuses and throat , sx include nasal dc, sneezing, sore throat, fever, and fatigue
lung ca
growth of abnormal cells or tumors in the lungs
TB
highly contagious lung dz, includes fatigue, loss of appetite, slight fever, prolonged coughing, and SOB, sputum is thick mucus coughed up from lungs (saliva comes from mouth),
diabetes
occurs when pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin
insulin
hormone that works to move glucose from blood into cells for energy for body, without insulin, sugars collect in blood and cannot get to cells, which causes probs with circulation and damage vital organs
type 1 diabetes
usu dx in children and young adults, where pancreas does not produce any insulin and will cont thorugh persons life, managed with daily injects or insulin pump and special diet
type 2 diabetes
most common form of diabetes, either body does not produce enough insulin or body fails to properly use insulin, known as insulin resistance
prediabetes
occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are above nl but not high enoughf or dx of type II DM
gestational diabetes
preg women who have never had DM but have high BG in preg
hyperthyroidism
condition in which thyroid produces too much hormone, so body processes speed up and metabolism increases, cuasing weight loss, rapid HR, sweating, and nervousness, can be caused by graves dz (autoimmune), tx with meds or occ part of thyroid removed
hypothyroidism
condition in which body lacks thyroid hormone, so body processes slow down, autoimmune disorder in which body produces antiboides that attack thyroid, which interferes with production of TH, often caused by hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune) fatigue weight gain constipation and intolerance to cold are sx, dry skin hair loss and slow HR low BP are sx, tx with thyroid hormone replacement therapy
STIs
aka STDs, caused by sexual contact with infected person, do not always have apparent sx mostly transmitted through sexual contact
HIV
can be transmitted through needles or sexual contact
chlamydia
caused by organisms introduced into mucous membranes of reproductive tract, can cause severe infeciton like PID, which can lead to sterility; sx: yellow/hite dc from penis/vagina, burning during urination, swelling of testes, painful interoucrse, and abd and low back pain, tx with abx
syphilis
caused by bacteria, tx effectively in early stages but if not, can cause brain damage, mental illness, and even death,
chancres
open sores that develop on penis soon after infection,, sign of syphilis, which is easier to detect in men that in women (where sores appear in vagina) if untx, can lead to complications
gonorrhea
caused by bacteria, similar to syphilis, men typically have white yellow or green dc from penis or painful swollen testes and burning during urin in men, for women cloudy vag dc, vag bleeding bw periods or rectal itching soreness bleeding painful elimination of stool, can cause blindness sterility and PID if untx
genital herpes
unlike STIs, is caused by virus HSV-2 is genital herpes , cannot be tx with abx or be cured, once infected, amy suffer repeated outbreaks of dz for rest of life
genital HPV infection
caused by HPV (human papillomavirus), spread primarily through genital contact and can affect genital area of both
BPH
common in men over 60, where prostate becomes enlarged and causes pressure on urethra, which lead sto frequent urination dribbling of ruien and diffuclting in starting flow of urine, also urinary retention causign UTIs, and damage kidneys
vaginitis
caused by bacteria, protzoa (one celled animals) or fungus (yeast), occurs when abnl growth of bacteria is inside vagina
AIDs
dz caused by HIV which attacks bodys immune system and gradually weakens and disables it, acquired by HIV through blood or body fluids from infected person, is the final stage of HIV infection during which infections tumors and CNS sx apepar due to weakened ammune system that is unable to fight infection, dx madde when person’s CD4+ lymphoctye count (type of WBC0 falls to <200
AIDs dementia complex
last stages of aids, where damage to CNS may cause mem oss, poor coordination, paraylsis and confusion
Kaposi’s sarcoma
rare form of skin ca that appers as purple red or brown skin lesions
opportunisitc infections
such as PNA or TB invade the body bc immune system is weak and cannot defend itself, which further complicate ADIS and weaken immune system, diff to treat bc abx resistance
ca
general term in which abnl cells grow in an uncontrolled way, occurs usu in form of tumor or tumors gorwing on or within body,
tumor
cluster of abnormally growing cells
benign tumors
noncancerous, usu grow slyl in local areas
malignant tumors
cancerous, grows rapidly and invade surrounding tissues
immunothreapy
tx that uses a persons own immune system to fight dz
