chapter 15

Question 1

nutrition

Answer 1

how body uses food to maintain health

Question 2

nutrient

Answer 2

a necessary substance that provides energy, promotes growth and health, and helps regulate metabolism

Question 3

six nutrients body needs for healthy growth and development

Answer 3

water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals

Question 4

water

Answer 4

most essential nutrient, needed by every cell, aids in digestion, absorption, perspiration, maintaining body temp

Question 5

carbs

Answer 5

supply body with energy and extra protein and helps use fat efficiently

Question 6

complex carbs

Answer 6

found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, pasta, vegs, fruits

Question 7

simple carbs

Answer 7

found in sugars, sweets, syrups, and jellies

Question 8

proteins

Answer 8

essential for tissue growth and repair, also supply energy for body

Question 9

fats

Answer 9

helps body store energy, important for absorption for certain vitamins, divided into 4 categories, saturated, trans, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

Question 10

vitamins

Answer 10

substances that are needed by body to function, body can’t make most of them, can only be obtained by eating certain foods; fat-soluble vitamins (A/D/E/K) carried and stored in body fat, water soluble vitamins, broken down by water and cannot be stored in fat (B/C)

Question 11

minerals

Answer 11

maintain body functions, helps build bones, make hormones, and help in blood formation, provide energy and control body processes, ex: zinc, iron, calcium, mag, found in many foods

Question 12

parenteral nutrition (PN)

Answer 12

aka total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be necessary when digestive system does not function, with this, a solution of nutrients is administered directly into the bloodstream, it bypasses the digestive system, nutrients are in their most basic forms of carbs, proteins, fats, and absorbed directly by cells

Question 13

NG tube

Answer 13

nasogastric tube, when person is unable to swallow, he may be fed through NG tube, which is inserted into nose/mouth and goes to stomach, the tube can also be placed into stomach through abdominal wall

Question 14

PEG tube

Answer 14

a feeding tube similar to NG tube that can be placed into stomach through abdominal wall

Question 15

gastrostomy

Answer 15

surgically created opening into stomach that allows insertion of a tube

Question 16

tube feedings

Answer 16

used when residents cannot swallow but can digest food

Question 17

diet cards

Answer 17

lists the resident’s name and information about special diets, allergies, likes/dislikes, and other dietary instructions, often included with each meal that is served to R who do not eat in dining room, NAs should make should diet card matches correct resident

Question 18

low sodium diet

Answer 18

salt is restricted first bc it is high in sodium, (excess sodium causes body to retain more water in tissues and in circulatory system which causes heart to pump harder); harmful for residents with HTN, CAD, or kid dz; low Na or NAS (no added salt)

Question 19

fluid-restricted diet

Answer 19

amt of fluid consumed through food and fluids must equal the amt of fluid that leaves the body through perspiration, stool, urine, and respiration, which is fluid balance. if fluid intake>fluid output, body tissues become swollen w/ excess fluid, harmful to ppl with severe heart dz or KD, will need to measure and doc exact amts of fluid intake and report excess to nurse; RF, (restrict fluids)

Question 20

high-potassium diet

Answer 20

if residents are taking diuretics (meds that reduce fluid volume), they may be excreting so much fluid that their bodies could be depleted of potassium; K+

Question 21

low-protein diet

Answer 21

for ppl who have KD, protein is restricted bc it breaks down into compounds that can lead to further kidney damage

Question 22

low fat/low cholesterol diet

Answer 22

ppl who have high levels of cholesterol in blood are at risk for heart attack or heart dz, ppl with gallbladder dz, dz that interfere with fat digestion and liver dz too, low-fat/low-chol

Question 23

modified calorie diet

Answer 23

for those who need to reduce calories to lose weigh tor prevent additional weight gain or to gain weight and increase calories bc of malnutrition, surg, illness, or fever, low cal/high-cal

Question 24

bland diet

Answer 24

for those who have intestinal disorders (crohn’s, IBS) , avoid alcohol spicy, caffeine, citrus, spicy seasonings, those with gastric/duodenal ulcers can be irritated by acid in the stomach

Question 25

diabetic diet

Answer 25

calories/carbs must be carefully controlled and protein/fats must be regulated ; NCS (no concentrated sweets) or LCS (low concentrated sweets)

Question 26

low-residue (low fiber) diet

Answer 26

decreases amt of fiber, whole grains, raw fruits/veg, seeds and other foods (dairy/coffee), used with ppl who have bowel disturbances

Question 27

high residue (high-fiber) diet

Answer 27

increase intake of fiber and whole gains, helps with probs such as constipation and bowel disorders

Question 28

gluten free diet

Answer 28

free of gluten (protein found in wheat, rye, barley) used for ppl with celiac dz which is disorder that cna damage intestines if gluten is consumed, nothing with wheat flour (tortilas, crackers, bread cake pasta cereals), , gluten intolerance ppl too (but no damage to intestines) just to manage sx

Question 29

vegetarian diet

Answer 29

for those with health probs, for religious reasons, dislike of meat, compassion for animasl, beleif in nonviolence or financial

Question 30

types of vegetarian diets

Answer 30

lacto-ovo (excludes meat, fish poultry but ok eggs/dairy); lacto-vegetarian - eliminates poultry, meat, fish, eggs but ok dairy, ovo-veg - omits poultry, meat, fish, diary but eggs; vegan

Question 31

liquid diet

Answer 31

usually order for short time due to med condition or before surgery/test, ordered to keep intestinal tract free of food, clear liquid diet/full liquid diet(ok diary)

Question 32

soft diet

Answer 32

soft in texture and consist of soft/chopped food to make it easier to chew and swallow, for those with trb chewing/swallowing due to dental or others, used in transition from liquid to regular diet

Question 33

mechanical soft diet

Answer 33

blended/chopped foods does not limit spices fat fiber for those recovering from surg or have diff chewing/swallowing

Question 34

pureed diet

Answer 34

blend/grind food, thick enough to hold form in mouth, no chewing needed, for ppl with trb chewing/swall

Question 35

3 basic thickened consistences

Answer 35

nectar thick, honey thick, pudding thick

Question 36

dysphagia

Answer 36

difficulty swallowing

Question 37

1 oz = 30 mL

Answer 37

fluids usu measured in mL, to convert oz to mL, #oz * 30, ex, so 4 oz * 30 = 120 ml/cc

Question 38

graduates

Answer 38

containers that measure fluid in mL and may also be in oz

Question 39

fluid overalod

Answer 39

occurs when body cannot handle amt of fluid consumed, conditions affects ppl with heart or kid dz

Question 40

edema

Answer 40

swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues