chapter 15 Flashcards
nutrition
how body uses food to maintain health
nutrient
a necessary substance that provides energy, promotes growth and health, and helps regulate metabolism
six nutrients body needs for healthy growth and development
water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals
water
most essential nutrient, needed by every cell, aids in digestion, absorption, perspiration, maintaining body temp
carbs
supply body with energy and extra protein and helps use fat efficiently
complex carbs
found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, pasta, vegs, fruits
simple carbs
found in sugars, sweets, syrups, and jellies
proteins
essential for tissue growth and repair, also supply energy for body
fats
helps body store energy, important for absorption for certain vitamins, divided into 4 categories, saturated, trans, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
vitamins
substances that are needed by body to function, body can’t make most of them, can only be obtained by eating certain foods; fat-soluble vitamins (A/D/E/K) carried and stored in body fat, water soluble vitamins, broken down by water and cannot be stored in fat (B/C)
minerals
maintain body functions, helps build bones, make hormones, and help in blood formation, provide energy and control body processes, ex: zinc, iron, calcium, mag, found in many foods
parenteral nutrition (PN)
aka total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be necessary when digestive system does not function, with this, a solution of nutrients is administered directly into the bloodstream, it bypasses the digestive system, nutrients are in their most basic forms of carbs, proteins, fats, and absorbed directly by cells
NG tube
nasogastric tube, when person is unable to swallow, he may be fed through NG tube, which is inserted into nose/mouth and goes to stomach, the tube can also be placed into stomach through abdominal wall
PEG tube
a feeding tube similar to NG tube that can be placed into stomach through abdominal wall
gastrostomy
surgically created opening into stomach that allows insertion of a tube
tube feedings
used when residents cannot swallow but can digest food
diet cards
lists the resident’s name and information about special diets, allergies, likes/dislikes, and other dietary instructions, often included with each meal that is served to R who do not eat in dining room, NAs should make should diet card matches correct resident
low sodium diet
salt is restricted first bc it is high in sodium, (excess sodium causes body to retain more water in tissues and in circulatory system which causes heart to pump harder); harmful for residents with HTN, CAD, or kid dz; low Na or NAS (no added salt)
fluid-restricted diet
amt of fluid consumed through food and fluids must equal the amt of fluid that leaves the body through perspiration, stool, urine, and respiration, which is fluid balance. if fluid intake>fluid output, body tissues become swollen w/ excess fluid, harmful to ppl with severe heart dz or KD, will need to measure and doc exact amts of fluid intake and report excess to nurse; RF, (restrict fluids)
high-potassium diet
if residents are taking diuretics (meds that reduce fluid volume), they may be excreting so much fluid that their bodies could be depleted of potassium; K+
low-protein diet
for ppl who have KD, protein is restricted bc it breaks down into compounds that can lead to further kidney damage
low fat/low cholesterol diet
ppl who have high levels of cholesterol in blood are at risk for heart attack or heart dz, ppl with gallbladder dz, dz that interfere with fat digestion and liver dz too, low-fat/low-chol
modified calorie diet
for those who need to reduce calories to lose weigh tor prevent additional weight gain or to gain weight and increase calories bc of malnutrition, surg, illness, or fever, low cal/high-cal
bland diet
for those who have intestinal disorders (crohn’s, IBS) , avoid alcohol spicy, caffeine, citrus, spicy seasonings, those with gastric/duodenal ulcers can be irritated by acid in the stomach
diabetic diet
calories/carbs must be carefully controlled and protein/fats must be regulated ; NCS (no concentrated sweets) or LCS (low concentrated sweets)
low-residue (low fiber) diet
decreases amt of fiber, whole grains, raw fruits/veg, seeds and other foods (dairy/coffee), used with ppl who have bowel disturbances
high residue (high-fiber) diet
increase intake of fiber and whole gains, helps with probs such as constipation and bowel disorders
gluten free diet
free of gluten (protein found in wheat, rye, barley) used for ppl with celiac dz which is disorder that cna damage intestines if gluten is consumed, nothing with wheat flour (tortilas, crackers, bread cake pasta cereals), , gluten intolerance ppl too (but no damage to intestines) just to manage sx
vegetarian diet
for those with health probs, for religious reasons, dislike of meat, compassion for animasl, beleif in nonviolence or financial
types of vegetarian diets
lacto-ovo (excludes meat, fish poultry but ok eggs/dairy); lacto-vegetarian - eliminates poultry, meat, fish, eggs but ok dairy, ovo-veg - omits poultry, meat, fish, diary but eggs; vegan
liquid diet
usually order for short time due to med condition or before surgery/test, ordered to keep intestinal tract free of food, clear liquid diet/full liquid diet(ok diary)
soft diet
soft in texture and consist of soft/chopped food to make it easier to chew and swallow, for those with trb chewing/swallowing due to dental or others, used in transition from liquid to regular diet
mechanical soft diet
blended/chopped foods does not limit spices fat fiber for those recovering from surg or have diff chewing/swallowing
pureed diet
blend/grind food, thick enough to hold form in mouth, no chewing needed, for ppl with trb chewing/swall
3 basic thickened consistences
nectar thick, honey thick, pudding thick
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
1 oz = 30 mL
fluids usu measured in mL, to convert oz to mL, #oz * 30, ex, so 4 oz * 30 = 120 ml/cc
graduates
containers that measure fluid in mL and may also be in oz
fluid overalod
occurs when body cannot handle amt of fluid consumed, conditions affects ppl with heart or kid dz
edema
swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues
