Oral Pathology 2020 > Chapter 13 hematologic disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13 hematologic disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a general term for a decrease in volume of RBCs or in the concentration of hemoglobin?

A

-Anemia

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2
Q

What does hematocrit =?

A

-Volume of RBCs

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3
Q

What are some underlying diseases that anemia might be associated with?

A
  • Renal failure
  • Liver disease
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions
  • Malignancies
  • Vitamin or mineral deficiencies
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4
Q

What are the general symptoms of anemia?

A
  • Tiredness
  • Headache
  • Fainting/feeling lightheaded
  • Pallor
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5
Q

What are oral symptoms of anemia?

A
  • Glossodynia (pain)
  • Glossopyrosis (burning)
  • Tongue atrophy (bald)
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6
Q

What is a hematologic disorder characterized by a markedly decreased number of circulating blood platelets?

A

-Thrombocytopenia

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7
Q

What is the result of thrombocytopenia?

A

-Abnormal bleeding

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8
Q

What are the decrease in platelets in thrombocytopenia due to?

A
  • Reduced production
  • Increased destruction
  • Sequestration in the spleen
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9
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

200,000-400,000

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10
Q

Clinical evidence of thrombocytopenia is not seen until platelet count is below what?

A

100,000/mm3

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11
Q

In thrombocytopenia patients, the small capillaries leak blood which result in what?

A

-Petechiae (small breakage and leakage of capillaries)

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12
Q

What is the order of advancement of thrombocytopenia clinically?

A
  • Petechiae
  • purpura (fused petechiae)
  • ecchymosis
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13
Q

What do special types of thrombocytopenia include?

A
  • Thrombocytic thrombocytopenia (TTP)

- idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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14
Q

When does idopathic thrombocytopenic purpuara occur?

A

-In childhood after a viral infection

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15
Q

Thrombocytic thrombocytopenia is a serious disorder of coagulation and is probably due to what?

A

-Endothelail damage

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16
Q

What is enlargement of the lymphoid tissue?

A

-Lymphoid hyperplasia

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17
Q

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue are most commonly seen where?

A
  • Oropharynx
  • Soft palate
  • Lateral tongue
  • Floor of mouth
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18
Q

With acute infection, the lymphoid hyperplasia appear as what?

A

-Enlarged, tender, soft, freely movable nodules

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19
Q

With chronic infections, the lymphoid hyperplasia appear as what?

A

-Enlarged, nontender, firm, freely movable nodules

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20
Q

If you have tonsillar asymmetry what could is possibly be?

A
  • Metastatic tumor
  • Lymphoma
  • Lymphoid hyperplasia
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21
Q

Agranulocytosis means what?

A

-Without granulocytes (usually neutrophils)

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22
Q

What does agranulocytosis lead to/have associated with it?

A
  • Neutropenia

- Lymphopenia

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23
Q

What is agranulocytosis induced by?

A

-Drugs for anticancer treatments

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24
Q

What are the oral symptoms of agranulocytosis?

A

-Necrotizing, deep, punched-out ulcerations of the buccal mucosa, tongue and palate

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25
What represents several types of malignancies of hematopoietic stem cell derivation?
-Leukemia
26
What is the philadelphia chromosome related to?
-Chronic myeloid leukemia has a translocation of the chormosomal material between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22
27
What are some environmental factors that might lead to leukemia?
- Exposure to pesticides and or benzene | - Ionizing radiation
28
What type of leukemia is a more common childhood malignancies?
-Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
29
What is the most common type of leukemia?
-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (occurs in adulthood)
30
What virus can cause leukemia?
-Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1
31
The leukemic cells may infiltrate the oral soft tissues to produce a boggy (doughy), non-tender swelling that is termed what?
-Granulocytic sarcoma
32
What are langerhan cells?
-Dendritic mononuclear cells normally found in the epidermis, mucosa, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
33
T/F Langherhans cells are antigen presenting cells
True
34
What is eosinophilic granuloma of bone?
-One or multiple lesions with no visceral involvement
35
What are the subtypes of langerhan cell histiocyotsis?
- Eosinophilic granuloma of bone - Acute disseminated histiocytosis - Chronic disseminated histiocytosis
36
What is acute disseminated histiocytosis?
-Disease involves bone, skin, and viscera
37
What is acute disseminated histiocytosis aka?
-Letterer-Siwe disease
38
What is chronic disseminated histiocytosis?
-Disease involves bone, skin, and viscera
39
What is Chronic disseminated histiocytosis aka?
-Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
40
Where are langerhan cell histiocytosis most commonly found?
- Skull - Ribs - Vertebrae - Mandible
41
In an X-ray what might make you think of langerhan cell histiocytosis?
- Sharply demarcated "punched-out" radiolucencies - Occasionally may be ill-defined - Mandibular lesions appear "scooped out" because the superficial alveolar bone is destroyed - Extensive alveolar bone involvement that looks like a tooth floating in air
42
Langerhan cells contain rod shaped cytoplasmic structures known as what?
-Birbeck granules (found via electronmicroscopy)
43
Identification of what cell is necessary to confirm langerhan cell histiocytosis?
-Lesional Langerhan cell
44
More than half of patients with Langerhan cell histiocytosis are how old?
-Younger than 15
45
What is a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder?
-Hodgkin's lymphoma
46
What are the neoplastic cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma known as?
-Reed-Sternberg cells
47
What virus is associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma?
-EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)
48
Where does Hodgkin's lymphoma usually begin?
-Lymph nodes
49
What gender is Hodgkin's lymphoma more common in?
-Males
50
Where are most of the lymph nodes involved in Hodgkin's lymphoma at?
-Cervical and supraclavicular nodes
51
What do Reed-sternberg cells appear as?
-Owl's eyes
52
What is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma aka?
-Lymphoma
53
What type of cell are most non-Hodgkin's lymphomas from?
-B-lymphocyte origin
54
Intraoral soft tissue lesions in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma typically appear as nontender diffuse swelling affecting what locations?
- Posterior hard palate - Gingiva - Buccal vestibule
55
Swelling in non-hodgkins' lymphoma are characteristically what when applying pressure?
-Boggy
56
What is the most common type of lymphoma of the oral cavity?
-Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
57
Mycosis fungoides is so named because it clinically resembles what?
-Fungal infection
58
What is the most common cutaneous lymphoma?
-Mycosis fungoides
59
What type of cell is mycosis fungoides?
-A T cell lymphoma
60
What is an aggressive expression of mycosis fungoides that represents dermatopathic T cell leukemia?
-Sezary syndrome
61
What is a propensity to invade the epidermis of the skin known as?
-Epidermotropism
62
What is Epidermotropism associated with?
-Mycosis Fungoides
63
The atypical lymphocytes in mycosis fungoides form small intraepithelial aggregates termed what?
-Pautrier's microabscesses
64
What is a malignancy of B cell origin?
-Burkitt's lymphoma
65
What virus is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma?
EBV
66
What is the average age of someone who gets burkitt's lymphoma?
-7
67
What is a "starry-sky" pattern in histology associated with?
-Burkitt's lymphoma
68
What is the cell that creates the "starry-sky" pattern in Burkitt's lymphoma?
-Macrophages
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