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NCIDQ IDPX > Chapter 12 - Structural Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Structural Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Most newer construction are of _______ construction

A

post and beam

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2
Q

What can post and beam structures be made of?

A

Steel, concrete, or timber columns (posts) supporting a grid of beams on which the flooring is applied

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3
Q

4 types of structural systems:

A
  1. Steel
  2. Concrete
  3. Masonry
  4. Load bearing walls
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4
Q

Two most common steel structural systems

A
  1. beam-and-girder
  2. open-web joist
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5
Q

In the beam-and-girder system, large members, called _______, span between columns and smaller _____ are framed into them. The ______ span shorter distances because they carry the weight of the _____.

A

girders beams
girders beams

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6
Q

Typical spans for beam and girder system

A

25 to 40 feet

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7
Q

What happens on top of the beam and girder steel framing?

A

covered with steel decking, which spans between the beams. concrete topping is poured over the decking

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8
Q

Where is beam-and-girder most commonly used?

A

mid to high-rise office buildings

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9
Q

What is a downfall of beam and girder system?

A

limited space between the bottom of the girder and the suspended ceiling. adding ductwork or recessed light fixtures should be reviewed

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10
Q

In a ________ system, joists span between beams or bearing walls

A

open-web steel joist

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11
Q

Open-web steel joist system can span

A

20 to 144’

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12
Q

what goes on top of a the beam-and-girder system?

A

steel decking spans between joists and a concrete slab is poured on top of the decking

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13
Q

Where do you see open-web steel joists?

A

one-story or low-rise buildings with wide column spacing

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14
Q

what’s an upside of open-web steel joists?

A

mechanical and electrical service ducts, pipes, and conduit can easily be run between the web members. suspended ceilings and other lightweight interior elements can also easily b hung from the bottom of the joists

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15
Q

Two main types of concrete structural systems

A

Cast-in-place and precast

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16
Q

What is cast-in-place concrete?

A

concrete is poured into forms where it hardens before the forms are made

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17
Q

What is precast concrete?

A

components are usually formed in a plant and shipped to the job site, where they are set in place and rigidly connected to form the structure

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18
Q

Most cast-in-place concrete systems utilize only mild steel reinforcing set in the formwork before the concrete is placed. However, sometimes concrete is ________

A

post-tensioned

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19
Q

What is post-tensioned?

A

steel cables within the concrete are tightened after the concrete sets, creating extra compression forces in the beam or slab

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20
Q

If a slab is post-tensioned, what can you not do?

A

penetrate the slab for pipes or conduit

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21
Q

Five basic types of cast-in-place concrete systems

A
  1. beam-and-girder
  2. concrete joist
  3. flat plate
  4. flat slab
  5. waffle slab
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22
Q

Beam-and-girder

A

similar to the steel system. slab is poured with the beams

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23
Q

Concrete joist system

A

concrete members spaced 24 or 36 inches apart. because the joists are close together, it is more difficult to drill holes for small pipes and conduit

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24
Q

flat plate construction

A

floor slab is designed and reinforced to transfer loads directly to the columns which generally do not exceed 25’ spacing used when floor to floor height must be kept to a minimum difficult to drill these types of floors because of closely spaced reinforcing

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25
Q

Flat slab construction

A

similar to flat plate except drop panels (increased slab thickness around columns) are used to increase strength

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26
Q

waffle slab system

A

(two-way joist system) can provide support for heavier loads at slightly longer spans. often left exposed and lighting is integrated into the coffers.

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27
Q

Three types of pre-cast concrete floors

A
  1. single tee
  2. double tee
  3. hollow-core slab
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28
Q

advantage of single and double tee?

A

easy and fast to erect single and double team members simultaneously serve as beam AND floor decking

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29
Q

____ is generally limited to load bearing walls

A

masonry

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30
Q

Because masonry is so expensive, it is usually used as _______

A

a veneer over wood stud walls or over concrete block walls

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31
Q

Concrete block is the common term for ______

A

concrete masonry unit (CMU)

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32
Q

Most common CMU size?

A

8”x8”x16” nominal (actual dimensions are 3/8” less than nominal to count for mortar)

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33
Q

A load bearing wall may be ___,___,or____

A

concrete, masonry, or wood framing

34
Q

Load bearing walls are used more in commercial or residential?

A

residential

35
Q

Load bearing walls in commercial construction are normally where?

A

the core

36
Q

Load bearing walls in residential construction are normally where?

A

exterior, especially under eaves of the roof

37
Q

If you need to cut into a load bearing wall for something like a door, what needs to be done?

A

a double header or lintel needs to be added at the top of the opening

38
Q

A ________ is a force acting on a building element

A

building load

39
Q

Three major load types:

A

gravity, lateral, and dynamic

40
Q

What are gravity loads?

A

dead loads and live loads

41
Q

Examples of dead loads

A

columns, beams, exterior and interior walls, floor, chandelier, and mechanical equipment

42
Q

only time interior designer needs to consult structural regarding dead loads is

A

if unusually heaving partitioning (like masonry walls) or heavy equipment is being added

43
Q

live loads include

A

the weight of people, furniture, and other movable equipment

44
Q

lateral loads include

A

wind loads and earthquake loads

45
Q

if a building is in a high-risk area for earthquakes, certain interior elements need to be detailed to resist earthquake forces. examples include

A

partitions that are tied to the ceiling, suspended ceilings, ductwork, lights, sprinklers, bookcases, storage cabinets, lab equipment, and access floor

46
Q

when a force is applied suddenly, it’s called an _____

A

impact load

47
Q

when a load is applied suddenly or changes rapidly, it is called a ________

A

dynamic load

48
Q

examples of dynamic loads

A

cars moving in a parking garage, elevators traveling in a shaft, or a helicopter landing on a building

49
Q

Interior partitions in commercial construction that attach to the structural floors above or the perimeter of the building, should be designed with _______

A

slip joints to allow the building to move without putting pressure on the partitions

50
Q

Large building movements are accommodated by ______

A

expansion joints

51
Q

2 rules for expansion joints

A
  1. don’t put partitions over them 2. don’t cover them up with finish materials
52
Q

Easiest cast-in-place concrete to penetrate with a core drill?

A

beam-and-girder and one-way pan joists

53
Q

One of the most common types of floor and roof construction?

A

concrete on metal deck

54
Q

Can you do core drills in concrete on metal deck?

A

yes

55
Q

Actual size of 2x4 wood studs?

A

1.5” x 3.5”

56
Q

________ are horizontal repetitive members used to support the floor

A

joists

57
Q

The space between joists is spanned with ______ or ______ 5/8” or 3/4” sub-flooring

A

plywood or particleboard sub flooring in prep for the finish flooring

58
Q

______ is nailed to the outside of the stud wall to stiffen the wall and provide a nailing base for the exterior finish material

A

sheating

59
Q

When openings for doors and windows are framed in wood construction, they are framed at the top with ______

A

lintels (also called headers)

60
Q

Standard sizes for window and door headers?

A

double 2x4 , 2x6, or 2x8

61
Q

For two-story wood construction, _____ framing is used

A

platform framing

62
Q

Platform framing uses

A

wood studs on a sole plate and a double top plate at the ceiling level

63
Q

If stronger members than 2x4s or 2x6s are needed, ______ can be used

A

glue-laminated wood members or glulams

64
Q

What are glulams?

A

built up from a number of individual pieces of lumber, which are glued together and finished under factory conditions for use as beams, columns, purlins, and other structural components think covenant

65
Q

when are glulams used?

A

heavy load/long spans unusual structural shapes are required and appearance is a consideration

66
Q

What is a cricket?

A

saddle-shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle

67
Q

The amount of slope of a roof is designated by its ______

A

pitch

68
Q

roof pitches are in _____” increments

A

12 inches
example: 5/12 pitch
5” of rise for every 12” of horizontal projection

69
Q

a machine used to cut a small opening in a concrete floor for conduit or poke-through electrical outlets

A

core drill

70
Q

in a high-rise building, the wall generally used as part of the stucture of the building and surrounding the common building services, such as elevator and stairway shafts, toilet rooms, mechanical rooms, and the like

A

core wall

71
Q

a stud above a door opening or below a windowsill

A

cripple stud

72
Q

light-gage sheets of steel that are ribbed, fluted, or otherwise stiffened by the shape for use in constructing a floor or roof

A

decking

73
Q

a mixture of portland cement, water, and sand containing enough water to allow it to be poured or pumped into joints, spaces, and cracks within masonry walls

A

grout

74
Q

a framing member that crosses and supports the ends of joists, transferring the weight of the joist to parallel joists. these are used to form openings in wood-framed floors

A

header

75
Q

a horizontal structural member over an opening that carries the weight of the wall above it

A

lintel

76
Q

a piece of timber laid horizontally

A

purlin

77
Q

the plywood or particleboard covering placed over exterior studding or rafters of a building that provides strength and a base for the application of wall or roof cladding

A

sheathing

78
Q

a horizontal wood member that serves as the base for the studs in a stud partition

A

sole plate

79
Q

a wood member in a floor or roof used to support a header

A

trimmer

80
Q

a structural beam of steel having a shape whose cross section resembles the letter H. A ____ beam has wider flanges than an I-beam. These are used for beams as well as columns because their shape gives them approximately equal strength in both direction

A

wide-flange beam

NCIDQ IDPX (42 decks)

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