Chapter 11 - Interior Construction Flashcards
________ are the most common construction element for both residential and commercial interior design.
Partitions
Three most frequently used (sorta-finish) materials for partitions:
- Gypsum wallboard
- Lath and plaster
- Masonry
Out of gyp bd, plaster, and masonry, what is least specified by interior designers
Masonry
What is gypsum wallboard?
gypsum core sandwiched between heavy paper or other materials
Typical gypsum wallboard sizes:
4’ wide
8, 10, 12 and 14 feet tall
Typical thickness of gyp bd (commercial and residential)
commercial: 5/8” residential: 1/2”
(1/4” on curved surfaces)
How is gypsum wallboard applied to wood or metal framing?
by nailing it or screwing it
How are gypsum board joints finished?
embedding paper or fiberglass tape in a special joint compound and allowing it to dry. Additional layers of joint compound are added and sanded after each application to give a smooth, finished wall surface.
What is the standard for types of finishes on gyp bd?
GA-214, Recommended Levels of Gypsum Board Finish| Levels 0-5
Which gypsum board level requires the most work and which requires the least work?
Level 0- requires no taping, finishing, or accessories
Level 4 - Three coats of joint compound are used.
Level 5 - added skim coat of joint compound over the entire surface. This level is used where gloss, semigloss, enamel, or non-textured flat paints are used.
Typical framing for residential partitions?
wood studs| 2”x4” and 2”x6”
Typical framing for commercial partitions?
metal studs
Typical metal stud depths
1 5/8”
2 1/2”
3 5/8”
4”
6”
Hat-shaped furring channels are used for:
ceiling framing and to fur out from concrete or masonry walls if the walls are uneven
Wood furring strip dimension
1”x2”
Why are resilient channels used?
to improve the acoustical properties of a wall by isolating the wallboard from rigid attachment to the framing
Metal stud spacing for residential and commercial
16” O.C. Resi| 24” O.C. Commercial
What should be used on outside (or exterior) gypsum corners?
cornerbead
What are the four types of cornerbeads?
LC bead
L bead
U bead
LK bead
Typical residential partition? (stud type, stud spacing, and wallboard type)
2”x4” Wood Stud
16” O.C.1 layer of 1/2” gyp. bd.
Typical commercial partition? (stud type, stud spacing, and wallboard type)
2 1/2” or 3 5/8” Metal Stud
24” O.C.
1 layer of 5/8” Gyp. Bd.
How to create a 1-hr fire-rated partition?
How to create a 2-hr fire-rated partition?
1 Hr- 1 layer of 5/8” Type X sheetrock on either side of a slab to slab partition
2 Hr- 2 layers of 5/8” Type X sheetrock on either side of a slab to slab partition
What is Glass Reinforced GypsumAKA Fiberglass Reinforced GypsumAKA Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Gypsum
High-strength, high-density gypsum reinforced with continuous-filament glass fibers Used for column covers, arches, coffered
What is plaster?
Finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, and water. It is applied over several kinds of base materials in one to three coats to form a smooth, level surface.
Two common types of plaster construction
- traditional method using metal lath that is attached to wood
- uses gypsum board lath
Plaster is very expensive because of how labor intensive it is. What are two reasons why it is still used?
- curved surfaces
- hard, abrasion-resistant surface is needed it can also be used as a base for ceramic tile in wet areas ornamental plaster casting and plaster molding are also used in restoration work
Masonry is a general term that includes
brick, concrete block, glass block, structural clay tile, among others
Masonry is normally part of the architect’s scope. However, sometime’s designers will need to specify non-loadbearing concrete block partitions. Why are these used?
They’re strong, durable, fire-resistant partitions
Where are concrete block partitions used?
in institutional applications such as school or colleges or where heavy use is expected.
There are two jambs on either side of a door. What are they called and which is which?
Hinge jam (side with the hinge or pivot)
Strike jam (side where the door closes)
Two types of doors
Flush Doors and Panel Doors
Are panel doors fire rated?
no
Doors are classified according to their _____
method of operation (or how they open and close)
example: swinging door (the most common type)
Hollow core doors vs solid core doors
Hollow core are made of one or three plies of veneer on each side of a cellular interior. The frame is made of solid wood with larger blocks of solid wood where the latching hardware is located.
Solid-core doors are made with a variety of core types depending on the functional requirements of the doors. The core can be made of
particleboard, stave core (solid blocks of wood), or mineral core for fire-rated doors
Solid-core doors are used for _____________.
their fire-resistive properties, as acoustical barriers, for security, and for their superior durability.
Fire rating options for solid-core doors
20
45
90
Thicknesses of solid-core doors
1 3/4”
Standard door widths
2-0
2-6
2-8
3-0
Standard door heights
6-8
7-0
can be taller in commercial construction
Three types of metal (often called hollow metal) doors
Flush Sash Louvered
LOU was so SASsy when he had the FLU. He played a lot of METAL behind closed DOORS.
What is a sash door
metal door with one or more glass lights
Most common type of metal door?
Steel with a painted finish
Standard thickness for glass door
1/2” or 3/4”
Glass in doors must be ________
tempered| any holes drilled into glass must be done so before it gets tempered
_________ are the most common method of attaching a door to its frame.
Hinges
What is an astragal on a door?
vertical members used between double doors to seal the opening. it can be mounted on one of the doors or free-standing.
What are push/pull plates and why are they used?
used to operate a door that does not require automatic latching. commonly used on doors to toilet rooms and commercial kitchens
What is an automatic door bottom?
these are devices that are mortised or surface applied to the bottom of the door to provide a sound or light seal.
There are five basic base metals for door hardware finishes and which must be used for fire-rated doors?
- steel- stainless steel - bronze- brass- aluminum
-steel or stainless steel
What is float glass and where is it used?
AKA annealed glass. Standard type of glass used in common windows where additional strength is not required
How is tempered glass produced?
by subjecting annealed glass to a special heat treatment.
Is tempered glass strong?
yes–about four times stronger than annealed glass.
Can tempered glass be used in hazardous locations?
yes. it will break into thousands of very small pieces instead of dangerous shards
Downside of tempered glass?
must be ordered to the exact size and cannot be cut, drilled, or deeply edged after it’s been tempered
What is laminated glass and why is it used?
two or more layers of glass bonded together by an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral If tempered glass is used for it, it is done so for strength. the glass won’t break into a million pieces either.if float glass is used, it’s done for acoustical purposed
Which glass type can be bulletproof?
laminated glass
What is wire glass and why is it used?
has a mesh wire embedded in the middle of the sheet. it is used primarily in fire-rated assemblies. It is not tempered as does not qualify as safety glazing for hazardous locations.
Patterned glass? what is it?
speciality glass made by passing a sheet of molten glass through rollers on which the pattern is pressed
Fire-rated glazing aside from wire glass? Does it exist?
yes–four types
1. clear ceramic
2. special tempered fire-protective glass
3. two or three layers of tempered glass with a clear polymer gel between
4. glass block (although not all glass block is rated)
electrochromic glazing. what is it?
changes from either a dark tint or milky white opaque to transparent with the application of an electrical current
what are door seals and why are they used?
used along edges of doors to provide tight seals against smoke, light, and sound
What type of door seal is used to limit sound?
Double door seal. It’s used when a high level of sound isolation is needed (sound studios, stages, etc.)
This type of seal is required on fire-rated doors to prevent both smoke and drafts from passing through.
Fire-rated seals
They’re similar to light and sound seals but have been tested by an approved laboratory and certified for use on fire doors. They are used on the head and jam sections.
Hardware finishes can either be _____ or ______
integral to the base metal or plated
If glass is not fire rated and it’s located within a fire-rated wall, it cannot exceed ___% of the length of the common wall with any room.
25
Is special fire-resistance-rated glazing subject to the 25% limitation?
no–because it is tested as a wall assembly, not as an opening assembly.
To prevent injuries, codes require _____ glazing in hazardous locations
safety
Hazardous locations requiring safety glazing include:
those subject to human impact (glass in doors, shower and bath enclosures, and certain locations in walls). There is a drawing illustrating where tempered glass is and is not required according to the IBC.
What are two types of glass that are considered safety glazing?
tempered and laminated
When a building code requires that a partition be fire-rated, then all openings (such as doors, glazing, ducts, and louvres_ in that partition must also be fire-rated. A protected opening is considered an _________ because it includes all components. In the case of doors it is referred to as a _____, or in the IBC, a ________
opening assembly
fire-rated door OR a fire door assembly
A fire-rated door is tested for
it’s capability of withstanding a measured temperature, without failure, and for a set length of time
The fire-rating of a door is dependent on
the fire rating of the wall
How do you determine the fire rating of a door?
by referencing a table in the IBC that determines the rating based on the requirements of the wall that it’s in
What types of doors can be fire-rated?
wood and hollow metal
max fire rating for wood doors and wood door frames
wood doors: 1.5 Hours
Wood door frames: 30 minutes must switch to hollow metal if required fire-rating is higher
What is the positive-pressure fire testing all about?
testing simulates actual fire conditions, where there is positive pressure on the fire side of the door above a certain point on the door (called the neutral pressure level) and negative pressure below this point. under such conditions there is a greater tendency for smoke and gases to be forced through the crack between the door and the frame.
When a door must meet the requirements of positive-pressure fire testing, it must have _____
approved gasketing or intumescent material along its edge or frame
Two primary industry standard tests used for fire-rated doors
NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Door and Other Opening Protectives
NFPA 252 Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
ANSI/UL 10B is the same test
Ceiling construction in residential vs commercial
Residential: gyp directly only floor or ceiling joists
Commercial: suspended systems (acoustical tile or gyp or plaster) with plenum space for mechanical and FP etc.
If a return air plenum is used in a commercial space, what can/cannot run in it?
no combustible material
all plastic wiring must be run in metal conduit
Some codes allow wiring for telephone, computer, low-voltage lighting, and signal systems to be exposed if it is approved plenum-rated wiring
If ceiling systems are rated, they are part of a complete ___-____ or ____-____ assembly
floor-ceiling
roof-ceiling
Rated acoustical ceiling systems consist of:
- rated mineral tiles
- rated grid systems and hold-down clips to keep the panels in place
- expansion slots to allow the grid to expand when subjected to heat
Three types of ceiling grid:
- lay-in exposed grid
- lay-in tegular
- concealed spine
IBC requires that structure be assigned a seismic design category, which is determined by three factors:
- soil conditions
- the risk (or occupancy category)
- geographical location of the structure
What are integrated ceilings and when are they used?
suspended ceiling systems specifically designed to accommodate acoustical ceiling tile, light fixtures, supply and return air grilles, sprinklers, and partition attachment
they’re used when elements connected with the ceiling are expected to change frequently
they’re more expensive
Stainless steel is an alloy of steel containing at least ____% of ____
12% of alloy
Bronze and brass are the terms commonly used to describe a range of ______
copper alloys
Predominant element in both bronze and brass?
copper
_________ is the electrochemical process that occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, such as water. The result is the corrosion of one of the metals.
Galvanic action
Main difference between finish carpentry and architectural woodwork
finish carpentry is done onsite while arch woodwork is custom, shop-fabricated millwork
examples of finish carpentry
installation of doors and windows, door and window trim, standard wood base, site-built stairways, and handrails.it’s more commonly used in residential construction and commercial where the budget is tight
_____ is a wood panel product made from an odd number of layers of thin veneer glued together under heat and pressure
plywood
Each ply is laid perpendicular to the next
______ is composed of small wood particles, fibers, or chips of various sizes mixed together in a binder and formed under pressure into a panel
particleboard
____ is a panel product made from wood particles reduced to fivers in a moderate-pressure steam vessel and then combined with a resin and bonded together under heat and pressure. It is the most dimensionally-stable of the mat-formed panel product. Has a smooth, uniform surface.
MDF medium-density fiberboard
A ______ is that portion of egress achieving a change in elevation
step
A _____ is one or more flights of stairs
stairway
A ____ is a series of two or more risers between one floor or landing and the next
flight
