CH 9 Summary

Question 1

preoperational stage age

Answer 1

2-7yrs

Question 2

limits of preoperational stage

Answer 2

egocentrism
centration
appearance with reality

Question 3

when do children start to be able to distinguish reality from fantasy

Answer 3

pretend play

Question 4

why are preschool children less able to pay attention compared to older kids

Answer 4

they lack good strategies for paying attention

Question 5

when and why does autobiographical memory emerge

Answer 5

preschool yrs; bc parents ask their kids about past events

Question 6

why is young kids memory of the past inaccurate

Answer 6

they can’t distinguish b/w what actually happened from what adults suggest might have happened

Question 7

when do kids begin to count

Answer 7

2yrs

Question 8

what did Vygotsky say about when child cognition first develops

Answer 8

it first develops in a social setting and only gradually comes under the child’s independent control

Question 9

zone of proximal development

Answer 9

difference b/w what kids can do on their own vs what they can do w/ assistance

Question 10

scaffolding

Answer 10

teaching style that allows kids to take on more of a task as they try to master it

Question 11

how is control of cognitive skills most readily transferred from others to the child

Answer 11

scaffolding

Question 12

when do children use private speech

Answer 12

when performing a hard task or after making a mistake

Question 13

what 2 things foster word learning

Answer 13

being read to and watching TV

Question 14

when do kids start producing 2 word sentences

Answer 14

just after 1yr

Question 15

what comes after mastering 2 word sentences

Answer 15

grammatical morphemes

Question 16

what findings support that the brain is prewired to learn grammar

Answer 16

-specialized regions of the brain for processing language
-inability of chimpanzees to master grammar
-critical periods in language acquisition

Question 17

2 theories about children acquiring grammar

Answer 17

-the brain is prewired to acquire grammar
-children use cognition to infer grammar rules from speech that they hear

Question 18

when do children start taking turns speaking and prompting each other to speak

Answer 18

3yrs

Question 19

what do infants use to communicate before they can speak

Answer 19

noises and gestures

Question 20

how do children become better at constructing clear messages

Answer 20

in the preschool yrs they adjust their speech to fit the listener’s needs

Question 21

why are toddlers not good conversationalists

Answer 21

their comments often don’t relate to the topic

Question 22

can preschoolers identify ambiguity in speech

Answer 22

usually not

Question 23

according to Piaget, ECE is most effective when (3)

Answer 23

-provides experiences just ahead of the kid’s current skills
-emphasizes children’s discoveries
-allows kids to discover inconsistencies in their thinking

Question 24

children in Head Start saw improvements in what?

Answer 24

their health and academic achievement

Question 25

kids who watch which show regularly improve their academic skills and adjust more readily to school

Answer 25

sesame street

Question 26

does research support the claims that frequent tv viewing leads to reduced attention and reduced creativity

Answer 26

no