CH 10.1 Self - Preschool Children

Question 1

young children tend to define themselves by what types of characteristics?

Answer 1

observable and concrete

Question 2

names of traits stereotypically associated with men and women

Answer 2

men: instrumental (describe those who act on and influence the environment)
women: expressive (describe emotional functioning and individuals who value close relationships)

Question 3

which geographic region holds the most extreme gender stereotypes

Answer 3

America

Question 4

gender stereotyping of activities familiar to the child were found at what ages of boys and girls?

Answer 4

31mo boys, 24mo girls

Question 5

primary and secondary influences about gender expectations on kids

Answer 5

primary is family
secondary is peers, friends, school & media

Question 6

around what age do kids start to form a gender identity?

Answer 6

3yrs

Question 7

how do social learning theorists think children learn gender roles?

Answer 7

through reinforcement and observing others’ behaviors

Question 8

own gender imitation bias

Answer 8

Bandura says children tend to imitate behavior from others of their own gender more than those of a different gender

Question 9

what does own-gender imitation do to the brain?

Answer 9

activates reward centres

Question 10

fathers vs mothers: who tends to treat children more based on gender norms

Answer 10

fathers

Question 11

boys who play with feminine toys vs girls who play with masculine toys: who will be bullied more by peers?

Answer 11

the boys

Question 12

how do cognitive-developmental theorists say children develop understandings about gender identity?

Answer 12

their ideas develop based on their knowledge about elements related to gender

Question 13

full understanding of gender develops with 3 elements (cognitive theory) (Kohlberg’s theory)

Answer 13

gender labelling: by 2/3yrs most children label themselves as a boy or girl
gender stability: in preschool, children understand that a boy will become a man and a girl becomes a woman but they think children who play with opposite-gender toys will become that associated type of adult
gender consistency: 4-7yrs, children understand gender identity is unaffected by the clothes someone wears or toys they like

Question 14

gender constancy

Answer 14

when children understand labels, gender stability & gender consistency

Question 15

gender-schema theory

Answer 15

once children know their gender, each object/activity/behavior they encounter will be interpreted as whether its female or male, then based on that answer they’ll decide if they want to learn more about it

Question 16

the bio. perspective tends to emphasize what on children’s gender identity?

Answer 16

hormones
genes
brain dev.

Question 17

2 types of ducts in the embryo

Answer 17

Wolffian: develop into male reproductive tracts
Mullerian: develop into female reproductive tracts

Question 18

when are sex hormone levels linked to development of gender identity?

Answer 18

early years of development but not later in adulthood

Question 19

identical twins showed what results on questionnaires measuring instrumental and expressive traits?

Answer 19

very similar answers; could explain a link to gender identity w/ heredity

Question 20

what can happen to females when the adrenal gland malfunctions in prenatal dev?

Answer 20

these girls could start to prefer masculine activities over feminine ones (androgen could influence development of masculine traits)

Question 21

what is a preschooler’s first feelings of worth?

Answer 21

self-esteem

Question 22

most preschool children have _________ __________ self-esteem

Answer 22

extraordinarily high