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Child Development > CH 4: Prenatal Development and Birth > Flashcards

CH 4: Prenatal Development and Birth Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal development

A

the changes that transform the fertilized egg into a newborn human

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2
Q

How long does prenatal gestation take and how much can it vary by?

A

38 weeks; up to 37 days/5 weeks

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3
Q

3 stages of prenatal development & their length

A
  1. period of the zygote - weeks 1-2
  2. period of the embryo - weeks 3-8
  3. period of the fetus - weeks 9-38
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4
Q

When does fertilization end?

A

When the zygote implants itself in the wall of the uterus

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5
Q

How often does cell division occur in a zygote?

A

every 12 hours

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6
Q

first stage of the period of the zygote

A

fertilization

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7
Q

implantation & how long it takes to complete

A

burying of the zygote into the uterine wall; about a week

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8
Q

how large is an implanted zygote?

A

diameter less than 1 mm

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9
Q

germ disc

A

small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually turn into a baby

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10
Q

role of the placenta

A

exchange nutrients and wastes between mother and baby

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11
Q

what marks the end of the period of the zygote?

A

implantation and cell differentiation

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12
Q

embryo

A

a zygote completely embedded into the uterine wall

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13
Q

3 layers of the embryo

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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14
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of the embryo that becomes hair, outer skin & NS

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15
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of the embryo that will become muscles, bones and the circulatory system

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16
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of the embryo that will become the digestive system and the lungs

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17
Q

3 week old embryo vs 8 week old embryo

A

3wk old: about 2 mm long & looks like a salamander
8wk old: about 2cm long can see eyes and limbs, heart has been beating for around a month, brain and NS are rapidly developing, too small for mother to physically feel

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18
Q

amniotic sac

A

sac where the embryo rests

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19
Q

2 things that link embryo to mother

A

umbilical cord and placenta

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20
Q

umbilical cord

A

contains the blood vessels that join the embryo to the placenta

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21
Q

villi

A

projections from the umbilical cord vessels that blood flows through; lie close to the mother’s blood vessels and allows for nutrients/waste products/oxygen to be exchanged b/w mother and embryo

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22
Q

2 embryo growth principles

A

cephalocaudal principle & proximodistal principle

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23
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

the head develops before the rest of the body followed by arms and legs developing before hands and feet (top-down)

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24
Q

proximodistal principle

A

the center of the body grow before more distant parts (center-out)

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25
Q

when can most mothers feel the fetus move?

A

around 4 weeks/when fetus weighs 100-225 grams

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26
Q

how much weight does the fetus gain in the final 5 months?

A

3-3.6 kg

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27
Q

what finishing touches are put on the fetus during the fetal period?

A

nervous, respiratory and digestive systems

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28
Q

what regions of the brain grow during the fetal period?

A

all; particularly the cerebral cortex

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29
Q

when are testicles and ovaries developed?

A

near the end of the embryonic period

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30
Q

when is the sex hormone to make the fetus a male secreted/not secreted?

A

third month

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31
Q

vernix

A

thick substance that protects the fetus while in the amniotic sac

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32
Q

age of viability

A

age when most bodily systems function well enough to support life once the baby is born (22-28wks)

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33
Q

when does the developing child begin to emit behavior?

A

gestation

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34
Q

The Cat in the Hat example from prenatal development

A

Expectant mothers read aloud the cat in the hat to their fetuses and when the babies were born they sucked on a nipple to get their mother to read the cat in the hat but stopped when they started reading other stories

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35
Q

main takeaways from each period

A

zygote: egg is fertilized and zygote implants itself in wall of uterus
embryo: period of rapid growth and most body structures begin to form
fetus: huge increase in size and most body systems begin to work

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36
Q

5 steps towards a healthy baby

A
  1. visit a health-care professional for regular checkups
  2. professional might recommend diet supplements
  3. no alcohol or cigarettes and limit caffeine
  4. exercise throughout pregnancy
  5. get plenty of rest
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37
Q

most pregnant women need to increase their caloric intake by how much?

A

10-20%

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38
Q

what is the normal weight women weight gain at 40wks of pregnancy? and how does it al balance out?

A

13.9kg; 1/3 is the baby and the placenta; 1/3 is the increase in the mother’s fat; 1/3 is the increased volume of blood and breast/uterus size

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39
Q

when mothers do not consume enough of this, their babies are at risk for neural tube defects

A

folic acid

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40
Q

spina bifida

A

disorder in which the embryo’s neural tube doesn’t close properly

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41
Q

inadequate nourishment can impact the baby mainly how?

A

can impact the baby’s NS

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42
Q

why are there only correlational studies regarding pregnant mothers and stress?

A

it is unethical to subject anyone to extreme stressful situations

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43
Q

women who report higher stress levels during pregnancy typically what?

A

give birth early and have underweight babies

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44
Q

what are traditionally considered the prime childbearing years?

A

20s

45
Q

what’s the suggested optimal age for having a child?

A

25-34

46
Q

children of younger vs older mothers tended to be affected by what?

A

younger: infectious diseases
older: mental disorders, heart disease and circulatory disease

47
Q

teenage pregnancy tends to be associated with what?

A

pre-term deliveries and low birth weight

48
Q

main 3 general pregnancy risk factors

A

nutrition
stress
mother’s age

49
Q

teratogen

A

agent that disrupts normal prenatal development

50
Q

what drug was introduced to Canada and Germany in the 1950s to help pregnant women sleep better and control nausea but resulted in babies with birth defects?

A

thalidomide

51
Q

5 most common teratogenic diseases

A

AIDS
cytomegalovirus
genital herpes
rubella
syphilis

52
Q

consequences for developing baby from a mother with AIDS

A

frequent infection, neuro disorder and death

53
Q

consequences for developing baby from a mother with cytomegalovirus

A

deafness, blindness, abnormally small head, cognitive delay

54
Q

consequences for developing baby from a mother with genital herpes

A

encephalitis, enlarged spleen, improper blood clotting

55
Q

consequences for developing baby from a mother with rubella

A

cognitive delay, damage to eyes, ears and heart

56
Q

consequences for developing baby from a mother with syphilis

A

damage to CNS, teeth and bones

57
Q

which diseases attack the baby through the placenta; at birth; or both

A

cytomegalovirus, rubella, syphilis; genital herpes; AIDS

58
Q

5 common teratogenic drugs and their consequences

A

Alcohol: fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, cognitive deficits, heart damage and retarded growth
Caffeine: lower birth weight & decreased muscle tone
Marijuana: low birth weight & less motor control
Nicotine: retarded growth and possible cognitive impairments
Aspirin: deficits in intelligence, attention and motor skills

59
Q

Doing this before pregnancy can result in lowered rates of fertility, infertility, and implantation in the fallopian tube

A

Smoking

60
Q

Smoking during pregnancy can cause what?

A

Problems with the placenta, low birth weight, preterm birth, cleft palate and sudden infant death syndrome

61
Q

main 2 points of FASD

A

children grow slower than normal and have heart problems

62
Q

environmental teratogens and their effects on the baby

A

lead- cognitive delay
mercury- retarded growth, cognitive delay, cerebral palsy
polychlorinated biphenyls- impaired memory and verbal skills
x-rays- retarded growth, leukemia and cognitive delay

63
Q

from what can PCBs contaminate animals and fish?

A

seeping into groundwater

64
Q

pregnant women should try to do what to stay careful of the food they eat and air they breathe?

A

clean foods thoroughly to rid insecticides
avoid foods with chemical additives
stay away from air contaminated by household products
stay away from cats and litter boxes (toxoplasmosis)

65
Q

4 main principles of teratogenic effect

A
  1. the impact of a teratogen depends upon the child’s genotype
  2. the timing of exposure to a teratogen plays a huge role
  3. teratogen harm is selective and each one affects a specific aspect of prenatal development
  4. damage from teratogens may not be evident at birth but can appear later in life
66
Q

when can ultrasound photos determine the gender of the baby?

A

16-20 wks after conception

67
Q

amniocentesis

A

a needle is inserted in the mother’s abdomen to obtain a sample of the amniotic fluid

68
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

a small tube is inserted into the uterus through the vagina to collect cells from the placenta

69
Q

when are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling used?

A

when a genetic disorder is suspected

70
Q

fetal surgery can be done how?

A

endoscopically or openly

71
Q

how long after conception does a women typically go into labour?

A

38 weeks

72
Q

cervix

A

opening at the end of the uterus that is the entryway to the birth canal

73
Q

steps of stage 1 of child labour

A

-contractions are weak and irregular; cervix is 5cm dilated
-contractions are stronger and at regular intervals; cervix is 7-8cm dilated
-contractions are intense and can occur nonstop; cervix is 10cm dilated

74
Q

what is apparently the most painful part of child labour?

A

the transition phase at the end of stage 1

75
Q

how long does stage 1 of child labour typically last?

A

12-24 hrs

76
Q

steps of stage 2 of child labour

A

-women get the urge to push the baby out with their abs
-baby is propelled down the birth canal with help from contractions and abdomen
-crowning
-baby’s birth

77
Q

crowning

A

when the top of the baby’s head appears during labour

78
Q

breech presentation

A

when the developing baby’s feet are facing the birth canal instead of the head

79
Q

steps of stage 3 of child labour

A

-placenta is expelled from the uterus
-only lasts 10-15 mins

80
Q

doula

A

a professional who provides support and education about childbirth but does not intervene medically

81
Q

Caesarean section

A

baby is removed from the uterus by an incision in the mother’s abdomen

82
Q

midwife

A

a non-physician who is trained to help mothers with natural vaginal delivery

83
Q

why are natural methods of dealing with birthing pain emphasized over medication>

A

medication prevents women from using their ab muscles to push the baby through the birth canal

84
Q

3 strategies offered in childbirth classes for women to counteract pain without drugs

A

deep breathing
visual imagery
a support coach

85
Q

2 forms of lacking oxygen

A

anoxia: complete deprivation
hypoxia: reduced oxygen supply

86
Q

when might a doctor want to do a C section?

A

when the fetus is in distress

87
Q

one of the greatest challenges for preemie babies?

A

damage/underdevelopment of the cerebellum

88
Q

prematurity vs small for date babies

A

premature: babies born earlier than full term
small for date: babies born at a lighter weight than expected for whenever they were born

89
Q

small-for-date babies are often born from mothers that what?

A

smoked and drank during pregnancy

90
Q

babies who weigh less than how much often don’t survive at birth?

A

1500g

91
Q

small for date babies weighing more than 1500grams have better chances of survival but still may experience what?

A

lower developmental level than others

92
Q

what turns out to be one huge factor for at-risk newborns as they develop?

A

environmental factors

93
Q

“development proceeds best when women receive ________ and _________”

A

good prenatal care; children live in a supportive environment

94
Q

Apgar score

A

measured used to evaluate a newborn’s vital signs

95
Q

5 vital signs of a newborn

A

breathing
heartbeat
muscle tone
presence of reflexes
skin tone

96
Q

5 measures on the Apgar scale

A

activity
pulse
grimace
appearance
respiration

97
Q

an Apgar score of what indicates a baby in good condition?

A

7 or higher

98
Q

a score of what on the Apgar test indicates a life threatening situation for the baby?

A

3 or lower

99
Q

newborns spend most of their alternating between what 4 states?

A

alert inactivity (calm baby)
waking activity (uncoordinated and unfocused)
sleeping
crying

100
Q

3 types of baby cries

A

basic
mad
pain

101
Q

how often do newborns sleep daily?

A

16-18hrs

102
Q

sleep-wake cycle of newborns

A

sleep for 3 hours;awake for 1 hour

103
Q

roughly half of newborns sleep is what kind?

A

REM sleep

104
Q

sudden infant death syndrome

A

a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason

105
Q

when is SIDS more likely?

A

preemies/small-for-date babies
parents smoke cigs
baby sleeps face down
during the winter

106
Q

postpartum depression

A

low self worth, disturbed sleep and poor appetite that 10-15% of new mothers feel for months after birth

107
Q

children of mothers who suffer from PPD for months on end are at higher risk for what?

A

having depression themselves and other behavior problems

108
Q

how many centres in the world do fetal surgery?

A

2

Child Development (40 decks)

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