Ch. 20 Political and Cultural Response to Rapidly Changing World

Question 1

Impressionism

Answer 1

Painting movement that originated in France when a group of artists rejected the studios and museums and went out into the countryside to paint nature directly.

Question 2

Realism

Answer 2

An artistic movement that rose after 1850 which stated that the world should be viewed realistically. It was closely related to the growing materialistic outlook of society.

Question 3

Claude Monet

Answer 3

founding painter of French impressionist style, expression of perceptions of nature.

Question 4

August Comte

Answer 4

1798-1857. Wrote System of Positive Philosophy(1830-1842). Started to be more recognized starting in 1848 after political failure. He wrote about how the reasoning for cosmic patterns had changed from the will of God to the will of an orderly nature. He also believed that by applying the scientific, or positivist, method, sociology would discover the eternal laws of human relations.

Question 5

Max Weber

Answer 5

German philosopher and author who founded the field of sociology. He also stressed the importance of the Protestant work ethic in industrial society.

Question 6

Emile Durkheim

Answer 6

Believed in functionalism and the scientific method; saw society as a set of independent parts that maintain a system but each separate part has a function

Question 7

Friedrich Nietzsche

Answer 7

German philosopher who rejected christianity, which was a “slave morality”- God is dead. Viewed the pillars of morality as outworn social and psychological constructs. Existentialism.

Question 8

Sigmund Freud

Answer 8

The Viennese founder of psychoanalysis who believed that mental problems originated in the past. Fascinated with tensions resulting from the son’s instinctive competition with his father for the mother’s love. Much of unconscious psychological energy is sexual energy.