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My Ap Euro Cards > Ch. 2 THE TWO REFORMATIONS > Flashcards

Ch. 2 THE TWO REFORMATIONS Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Sir Thomas More

A
  • Refused the Act of Succession (Henry VIII divorce)
  • -Killed for this
  • Wrote Utopia (no perfect society was achievable)
  • believed that the government was corrupt
  • was not against the church
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2
Q

Utopia

A

A book by Sir Thomas More describing the perfect society on an imaginary island. Meant as a joke to criticize Christian Europe.
-all property is public

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3
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

Dutch Humanist and Clergyman

  • Combined Humanism and Biblical Study
  • Believed that all should read the Bible
  • wanted everyone to read and write
  • was not against the church
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4
Q

In Praise of Folly

A

Written by Erasmus, the most celebrated of humanists, it criticizes the immorality and hypocrisy of the church leaders and clergy.
-surveyed the world as he saw it

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5
Q

Avignon

A

The period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome
-influenced by the king

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6
Q

Great Schism

A

A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

  • 1 in Italy
  • 1 in France
  • -Popes became less powerful
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7
Q

John Wycliffe

A

Early critic of the Church. He was an English Priest & theologian who translated the Vulgate Bible into English. He pushed for many reforms and was eventually declared a heretic.

  • questioned the pope
  • believed that all should read the scriptures
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8
Q

Jan/John Hus

A

Czech Reformer who criticized the church. He was declared a heretic & excommunicated by the Church. He was then executed by the Holy Roman Empire.

  • Pope is the anti-christ
  • believed that ordinary people could reform the church
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9
Q

Council of Pisa

A

In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved.

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10
Q

Council of Constance

A

Resolved the Great Schism

  • got rid of previous 3 popes
  • Elected Martin V as pope
  • —–Burned Hus for heresy
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11
Q

Indulgences

A

Sold by the church to reduce the waiting time in purgatory

  • could be bought for dead people
  • canceled sin punishment
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12
Q

Johannes Tetzel

A

“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.”

-a Catholic preacher who was an expert in selling indulgences

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13
Q

Martin Luther

A 
The first MAHOR REFORMIST
-salvation alone saves 
-FAITH IS KEY
-against the wealth and corruption of the church leadership
all about GOSPEL, AND GLORY 
--excommunicated 
-founded Lutheranism
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14
Q

95 Thesis

A

Pounded it onto a church door

  • spoke out against indulgences and the churches obsession with wealth
  • 95 criticisms of the church (mainly indulgences)
  • THE START OF THE REFORMATION October 31, 1517
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15
Q

Pope Leo X

A

This man began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

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16
Q

Frederick III

A

Martin Luthers “protector”

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17
Q

Diet of Worms

A

An assembly that proclaimed Luther to be a heretic

-Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Leo X

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18
Q

Charles V

A

Elected Holy Roman Emperor

  • called for the diet of WORMS
  • Tried to crush protestant reformation
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19
Q

“Priesthood of all Believers”

A

Luther’s revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret theBible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church’s position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

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20
Q

The Peasants Revolt

A

It was the reaction by the peasant class after the introduction of Martin Luther and his radical ideas to European society

  • The G A P between rich an poor
  • demanded return of rights
  • higher wages

Revolts occurred in Flanders, England, France, Florence, Spain, and German cities.

21
Q

Thomas Muntzer

A

This radical early Protestant leader broke from Martin Luther and became a leader of the German Peasants’ Revolt, at the end of which he was executed
-against church and Luther

22
Q

Against the Thieving….

A

A book By Luther

  • Told the German (Prussian) king to put down the peasant revolt
  • 100,000 peasants killed
23
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

The alliance of Lutheran states of the Holy Roman Empire that fought against the Catholics in the Wars of the Lutheran Reformation

24
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

Document in which Charles V declared that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. Settles War of the Schmalkaldic League. “His the region, his the religion.”

25
Q

“cuius region, eius religio”

A

Peace of Augsburg

-his region, his religion

26
Q

Huldrych Zwingli

A

This SWISS theologian launched his own reformation in Zurich at the same time that Martin Luther was challenging the pope’s authority in Saxony – His teachings closely matched those of Luther, except when it came to the presence of Christ in communion bread and wine

  • Bible was the best
  • salvation through faith alone
27
Q

Anabaptists

A

A radical reformers group

  • only adults could get baptized
  • separation of church and state
  • refused to pay taxes or serve in military
28
Q

Diet of Speyer

A

Charles V (HRE) made ANABAPTISM PUNISHABLE BY DEATH

  • -“A Third baptism” (drowning them)
  • all radical groups flee
29
Q

Menno Simmons

A

Pacifist leader of the Anabaptists who continued the movement in northwestern Europe (Netherlands), followers known as Mennonites

30
Q

John Calvin

A

This Frenchman converted to Lutheranism as a young man and was forced to flee the persecution of Protestants by the French king – He would end up in Geneva, which he would make into the most influential Protestant center in Europe
-Humanist

31
Q

Calvinism

A

Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

32
Q

Institutes

A

John Calvin wrote and published the first version of this book in 1535, a defense of his theology and the most influential, comprehensive book on Protestant thought produced during the Reformation
-PREDESTINATION (NO GOOD DEED REQUIRED)

33
Q

Predestination

A

A Calvinist idea that people are pre-destined to go to heaven and therefore no good deeds are required

34
Q

John Knox

A

Introduces Calvinism to Scotland
-This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

35
Q

Henry VIII

A

This English monarch ruled from 1509 to 1547 and is best remembered for breaking with the Catholic Church and establishing a Church of England under his direct control in order to secure the annulment of his first marriage so that he might produce a legitimate son
-“defender of the Faith” by Leo X

36
Q

“Defender of the Faith”

A

Pope Leo X title for Henry VIII after he condemned Luther.

37
Q

Catherine of Aragon

A

This Spanish-born woman, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, was the first wife of England’s King Henry VIII – When she failed to provide him with a son, Henry became convinced that their marriage was cursed and sought to have it annulled by the pope
-Mart Tudor survived

38
Q

“Bloody” Mary Tudor

A

This daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon restored the Catholic faith to England when she became queen in 1553 – She would marry the future Philip II of Spain, and she earned her infamous nickname for having around 300 Protestants executed for heresy during her reign

39
Q

Anne Boleyn

A

This was the 2nd wife of Henry VIII

-SECRET MARRIAGE LED TO BREAK UP WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

40
Q

Pope Paul III

A

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent and established the Holy congregation of the Holy Office. Immediately made his teenage grandson a cardinal. He also established an Inquisition in the papal states.

41
Q

Pope Paul IV

A

established the index of prohibited books, which was a list of books, including luther, calvin and erasmus’s works, that catholics were not to read
-INVENTED DA GHETTO

42
Q

Inquisition

A

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution. Had very LITTLE influence outside the Papal states however, the main evidence of this is that Venice was NOT restricted or cut off from European learning.

43
Q

Index

A

Pretty self explanatory; the Catholic church had a prohibited books list.

44
Q

Ignatius Loyola/ Jesuits

A

-took oath to pope
-Catholic crusaders
The members of this order established many schools and seminaries, and worked as missionaries to combat the spread of Protestantism and carry the Catholic faith to the newly discovered portions of the world

45
Q

Council of Trent

A

By Pope Paul III
-To asses the Catholic church and its doctrines
-reformed the Catholic Church
It corrected a number of church abuses (indulgences could no longer be sold) and introduced better training for Catholic clergy, but refused to make any changes in Catholic doctrine

46
Q

Teresa of Avila

A

Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation
-restored faith of the poor and sick

47
Q

Baroque

A

the artistic movement that happened during the reformation

-grand style

48
Q

Gianlorenzo Bernini

A

an Italian sculptor, painter, and architect who made the baldachin in St. Peter’s, the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, David, Apollo and Daphne, + The Rape of Proserpina, among others. Became the “successor of Michelangelo.”

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