Ch. 11 Century Dynastic Rivalries and Politics Flashcards
Conflicts Between GREAT POWERS political change in GREAT BRITAIN Challenges to established authority Fading Power
The War of Jenkins’s Ear
1739- 1748
-Spain wanted Trade monopoly with West Indies
Spanish cut off the ear of British Captain Jenkins (who was suspected of smuggling) ear was waved in front of parliament
-Went to war with Spain
Act of Union 1707
Created the Kingdom of Great Britain (a combination of England, Scotland, and Wales) they didn’t want the scots to have a Catholic king
Queen Anne
1665- 1714 Became England's queen in 1702 Had no heirs to the throne -Whigs and Tories be fighting -George Hanover got the throne
The war of Austrian Succession
1740- War over the control of Austria due to the fact that Charles VI left Maria Theresa (a girl) as heir to the throne. Frederick II of Prussia invaded due to a want for Silesia and France helped him in order to humiliate their enemy (Austria.) Great Britain allied with Austria to prevent France from gaining more land. The colonies of F and GB began to fight also. Austria gave Silesia to Prussia and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war.
the Hanoverian Dynasty
Came to the throne in 1714, as designated by the Act of Settlement. Although militarily successful against the pretender, new dynasty and supporters saw need for consolidation.
King George I
First Hanoverian king
- never learned English
- not too popular
- did not spend much time in England
King George II
The king during the American Revolution (Kinda)
- spoke English!
- “God Save the King”
- Not too popular
Silesia
Habsburg Territory
- taken by Frederick the Great of Prussia
- nearly double the size of Prussia
The Seven Years War
(Could be called the first World War.) Prussia’s well trained army invaded Saxony. (An Ally of Austria.) This caused France and GB to be mad at each other over their colonies again for some reason so they start fighting. Those two fought in North America (its called the French and Indian War) and in the West Indies, India, and central Europe. Prussia was losing until the Russian tsar died and a pro-Prussian one withdrew Russia from the Franco-Austrian alliance. Prussia got to keep all the territory, including Silesia which he won earlier. Britain and France ended their fighting with the Treaty of Paris
Pragmatic Sanction
HRE Charles VI of Austria’s agreement with the European rulers that his daughter Maria Theresa would inherit his throne because he had no male heir.
Maria Theresa
(Ruled 1740-1780) Daughter of Charled VI, who’s inheritance of the Austrian throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession. She survived the war only by giving Silesia to Frederick II of Prussia. Became heiress of Austria and her husband became Holy Roman Emperor. Mother of Joseph II.
Frederick the Great
(Ruled 1740-1786) King of Prussia. Invaded Austria, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, in which he gained Silesia; invaded Saxony, sparking the Seven Years War, but did not gain any territory; he spent 2/3rds of all Prussian money on the army; proposed the First Partition of Poland, from which he gained a bit of Polish-Lithuanian territory; insisted his court spoke French; was personal friends with Voltaire; instituted a uniform civil justice system; believed strongly in education; encourage agricultural innovation. (Example of an enlightened despot.)
India and Quebec
Originally French colonies, became English after Seven Years War
Whigs
Supported monarchy, but wanted Parliament to retain final sovereignty.
- Favored urban commercial interests as well as the prosperity of the landowners.
- Encouraged religious toleration toward Protestant nonconformists in England.
and Tories
Emphasized a strong monarchy
- low taxes for landowners,
- firm support of the Anglican church.
- no desire for change
“South Sea Bubble”
The South Sea Company promised to pay English debt
- sold shares but then went bankrupt, Walpole made Parliament give the investors their money back, created trust for the English economy
Robert Walpole
The first official prime minister whose foreign policy was to ignore continental conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South Sea Company which made the people confident in the government
William Pitt “The Great Commoner”
A competent British leader, known as the “Great Commoner,” who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year’s War
House of Commons
One of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office
Rotten Boroughs
Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament
Edmund Burke
Author of “Reflections on the Revolution in France” (1790) he attacked the principle of the rights of man and natural law as fundamentally dangerous to the social order and he emphasized the role of tradition as the basic underpinning for the rights of those in positions of authority. believed in the possibility of slow political change over the passage of time
John Wilkes
Member of Parliament,
- attacked the king through a newspaper
- became a symbol of the unrepresented
American Revolution
well, started after unfair oppression from Britain
- taxation without representation
- declaration of independence
William Pitt “The Younger”
Son of William Pitt the Elder, becomes prime minister in 1783; supported by the merchants, industrial classes, and the king, who used patronage to gain support for Pitt in the House of Commons, and later managed to stay in power through the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars
Parlements
Frances “Law Courts” made up of nobles
-gave and registered royal edicts
Vingtieme
a tax on income for both nobles and commoners
Taille
Tax on the French peasantry on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government
Louis XV (France)
Abolished Parlement
-Made a new law court that would not resist his authority
Anne-Robert Turgot
Finance Minister under Louie XV
-wanted to get rid of noble and clergy tax exemption
abolishing certain guild restrictions in order to stimulate manufacturing
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire and Europe The Ottomans and the Europeans fought often for territory. Their relationship was often tense, as the Ottomans were the LARGEST and most STABLE empire to rise after the fall of the Roman Empire
- declined
- no good navy, army, or economy
Liberum Veto
known as “exploding the diet” it allowed one member to disband the diet of Poland
War of Polish succession
Russia wanted Polish throne
- France wanted it
- Russia got it with August III of Saxony
First Partition
Poland lost 1/3 of its land
- Austria = Galia
- Prussia = West Prussia
Second Partition
Third Partition
POLAND LOST ITS INDEPENDENCE