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Anatomy ICOM > Cardiovascular Embryology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Fetal circulation

A
  1. Bypasses lungs
  2. Changes at birth
    A. First breath -> closes umbilical veins
    B. Shunts close
    1. Ductus venosus: shunts from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
      A. No pressure after birth => inc. pressure on left side -> ligamentum teres in liver
    2. Foramen ovale: between RA and LA to bypass lungs
      A. Lung expansion -> vacuum
      B. Dec right pressure and inc left pressure
      C. Flap stays closed w/ higher pressure on left
    3. Ductus arteriosus: between aorta and pulmonary trunk
      A. Higher O2 sat -> smooth muscle contraction -> close
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2
Q

Fetal heart tube

A 
2 layers
1. Endothelial (thin) -> endocardium
2. Thick layer -> myocardium
  A. Mesothelium of outside -> epicardium
3. Cardinal jelly between 2 layers
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3
Q

Heart tube elongation

A 
Dilations:
1. Bulbous cordis
  A. Continuous w/ truncus arteriosus
  B. Resorts into vesicles
2. Sinus venosus
  A. Receives: 
    1. Umbilical vein
    2. Vitelline vein
    3. Common cardinal vein
  B. Becomes smooth part atria and coronary sinus
3. Looping (23 days)
  A. Heart tube U-shaped bend
    1. Sinus venosus shift right
    2. Future ventricle and bulbous cordis shift left
4. Pericardial cavity
  A. Heart grows into it
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4
Q

Heart tube partitioning

A
  1. Primitive atrium and ventricle
  2. Primordial atrium
  3. Primordial ventricle
  4. Bulbus cordis
  5. Cardiac valves
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5
Q

Primitive atrium and ventricle

A
  1. 4th week
    B. Tube between constricts
    C. Endocardium cushions bud from dorsal/ventral aspects
    D. Cushions grow and fuse left and right channel between primitive A and V
    E. Eventually AV valves
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6
Q

Primordial atrium

A 
A. Septum primum 
    1. Encocardial cushions fuse
    2. Septum primum separate left and right atria
    3. Foramen secundum forms (apoptosis) in ventral septum primum
  B. Septum secundum
    1. Forms from ventral right atrium
    2. Makes flap w/ septum primum
  C. Sinus venosus
    1. Opens into dorsal primitive atrium
    2. 2 horns
      A. Left (small) -> coronary sinus
      B. Right -> inflow vessels
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7
Q

Primordial ventricle

A
  1. Interventricular septum grows toward endocardial cushions
  2. Inc. thickness
  3. Muscular septum = inferior 1/2
  4. Closes week 7
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8
Q

Bulbus cordis

A
  1. Primordial outflow vessels divide from left and right ventricles separately
  2. Bulbar ridges form and fuse
    A. 180 degree spiraling
  3. Aorticopulmonary septum
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9
Q

Fetal cardiac valves

A
  1. Occurs as structures completed

2. Endocardial tissue swelling -> valves

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10
Q

Pharyngeal arch arteries

A
  1. Each arch has associated artery
  2. Paired arteries meet at aortic sac (above truncus) and form original outflow of heart tube
    A. 3rd pair -> common and internal carotids
    B. 4th pair -> part aortic arch and right subclavian
    C. 6th pair-> pulmonary arteries an ductus arteriosus
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11
Q

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

Flap formed by septums primum and secundum doesn’t form => allows flow between atria (left to right)
1. Acyanotic
2. Probe patent foramen ovale: foramen ovale unopenable w/ probe
A. 25 % people
B. Only problem if atria shape change -> foramen gap

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12
Q

Patent foramen ovale

A

Foramen secundum too big or in wrong spot => not covered by septum secundum
1. Can be associated w/ other defects

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13
Q

Endocardial cushion defects

A
  1. Septum primum doesn’t fuse -> opening

2. Atriventricular septal defect: cushions don’t fuse together

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14
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

Most common
1. Membranous VSD/incomplete closure IV septum
A. IV septum doesn’t fuse endocardial cushions
B. Usually fuse w/in 1st year
C. Large -> hypertrophy
2. Muscular VSD: anywhere in muscular septum
A. Less common
3. Absence IV septum -> single ventricle

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15
Q

Persistent truncus arteriosus

A

Bulbar and truncates ridges don’t form aoricopulmonary septum -> single outflow vessel

  1. CYANOTIC
  2. Overrides VSD
  3. Usually no AV valves
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16
Q

Transposition of great vessels (arteries)

A

Aorticopulmonary septum doesn’t spiral
1. Two closed systems
A. Pulmonary trunk off LV => deoxygenated blood -> body
B. Aorta off RV => oxygenated blood -> lungs
2. Fatal w/o surgery
3. CYANOTIC

17
Q

Unequal division of truncus

A

One outflow valve larger than other

  1. Hypertrophy ventricle feeding smaller
  2. Acyanotic
18
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Ductus arteriosus doesn’t close to form ligamentum arteriosum
1. Acyanotic

19
Q

Coarctation of aorta

A

Closure of aorta around ductus arteriosus

  1. Chemoreceptors meant to close ductus arteriosus migrate to aorta
  2. Lack oxygenated blood distal to constriction
  3. Cyanotic
20
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. Pulmonary artery stenosis
  2. VSD
  3. Overriding aorta: rides over both LV and RV => most blood
  4. RV hypertrophy
  5. CYANOTIC

Anatomy ICOM (34 decks)

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