C&D- GLOBALISATION: GLOBAL CRIME Flashcards
What is globalization?
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations. This interconnectedness leads to events in one part of the world affecting others, with significant impacts on economics, social life, and crime.
What are the main causes of globalization?
Globalization is caused by advances in technology (especially the internet), mass media influence, affordable global air travel, and the rise of a global free market economy. These factors facilitate the movement of goods, services, information, people, and ideas across borders.
How has crime become globalized according to Held et al.?
Held et al. argue that crime has become globalized alongside other aspects of life, as interconnectedness increases. Criminal activities can now spread across national borders more easily, leading to crimes that affect multiple countries.
What does Castells argue about the global criminal economy?
Castells suggests that there is a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion annually, driven by demand for illegal goods like drugs. These illegal goods are produced in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) and consumed in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries).
What is transnational crime?
Transnational crime refers to criminal activities that cross national boundaries, such as the illegal trade of goods like cigarettes or alcohol, to avoid national taxes. These activities can affect multiple countries and are harder to regulate.
What is transnational organized crime?
Transnational organized crime involves criminal groups that operate across national borders. Examples include drug trafficking, human trafficking, arms dealing, and terrorism. These criminal organizations exploit illegal markets and global weaknesses in law enforcement.
What are examples of global organized crimes?
Examples of global organized crime include:
Arms trafficking: The illegal trade of weapons, such as supplying arms to guerrilla groups in conflict zones like Sierra Leone.
People trafficking: Exploiting individuals for purposes such as prostitution, forced labor, or illegal adoption.
Drug trafficking: The international trade of illegal drugs, like cocaine from Colombia.
Money laundering: The process of making the profits from illegal activities appear legal, such as hiding criminal profits in legitimate financial systems.
What is cybercrime?
Cybercrime refers to criminal activities conducted via the internet. This includes financial crimes (e.g. online fraud), computer hacking, identity theft, and the distribution of illegal content (e.g. child pornography). As internet access increases globally, cybercrime has become one of the fastest-growing criminal activities.
How does Taylor relate globalisation to crime?
Taylor argues that globalization has led to an increase in both working-class and middle-class crime. The global free market has caused widespread poverty and unemployment in some areas, particularly as multinational corporations relocate to cheaper labor markets. At the same time, globalization has enabled corporate crime through deregulation, unaccountable profit-driven motives, and the movement of money across borders.
How does globalisation impact working-class crime according to Taylor?
Globalization has caused job relocations from MEDCs to LEDCs, resulting in poverty and unemployment in MEDCs. This leads to relative deprivation, where people are unable to access the same standard of living as others. As a result, this deprivation often leads to increased crime, such as drug gangs in LA and other disadvantaged areas.
What is “glocal crime” as described by Hobbs and Dunningham?
“Glocal crime” refers to crime that is locally based but has global links. These crimes involve small, flexible networks of individuals who collaborate for mutual criminal benefit. These networks are transnational, using global connections to expand their operations and networks.
What is the “McMafia” according to Glenny?
The “McMafia” is a term coined by journalist Misha Glenny, referring to transnational criminal organizations that emerged after the fall of communism in Russia. These organizations are led by wealthy individuals (often former KGB officials) who profited from the privatization of state assets. They now engage in activities like arms dealing, money laundering, and the illegal trade of natural resources.
How does global risk consciousness relate to crime?
Global risk consciousness refers to the increased sense of insecurity that people feel about crime, driven in part by media representations. The exaggerated fear of crime, especially regarding immigration and foreign threats, has led to moral panics and stricter social control measures, such as heightened border security.
How has globalisation contributed to trafficking in endangered species?
Globalisation has facilitated the illegal trade of endangered species, including trafficking of body parts for traditional medicine and cultural artifacts. Wealthy elites from around the world drive the demand for these illegal goods. For example, rhino horns are trafficked from Africa to Asia for use in traditional medicine.
What impact has globalisation had on the middle class in terms of crime?
Globalisation has allowed the middle class to benefit from deregulated global markets, enabling white-collar crime such as insider trading and tax evasion. Additionally, multinational companies can exploit labor in poorer countries, often using flexible contracts to avoid legal protections for workers.
