Beliefs In Society- Introduction Flashcards
What is the challenge in defining religion?
Across the world and throughout history, beliefs vary so greatly that it is difficult to identify common factors for a simple definition, such as whether fanatical football following, witchcraft, or magic should be included.
What are the three sociological definitions of religion?
The three definitions are substantive, functional, and social constructionist.
What is the substantive definition of religion?
The substantive definition focuses on what religion is in terms of its content, such as belief in a supernatural being (e.g., God), rather than what it does.
What do sociologists argue about the substantive definition?
Sociologists argue that for an organization to be considered religious, it must have a connection with a supernatural being, such as Hinduism’s representations of gods like Ganesh and Vishnu.
What did Weber and Durkheim say about the substantive definition?
Weber argued religion involves belief in the supernatural, while Durkheim said religious beliefs relate to things seen as sacred, such as cows to Hindus or the Quran to Muslims.
Why is the substantive definition considered exclusive?
It draws a clear line between religious and non-religious beliefs, excluding things like football fandom, which lacks a supernatural being.
What is a criticism of the substantive definition?
Hamilton argues it excludes religions like Buddhism, which has no belief in the supernatural but is still considered a religion by millions.
How does Marx’s view align with the functional definition?
Marx saw religion as providing compensation for exploitation, focusing on its social function.
What is the functional definition of religion?
The functional definition focuses on what religion does, such as explaining the meaning of life, creating social unity, or providing comfort in difficult times.
Why is the functional definition considered inclusive?
It allows a wide range of beliefs and practices to be seen as religious, including football fandom, which provides a sense of belonging and unity.
How does Durkheim’s view align with the functional definition?
Durkheim believed religion unifies followers and gives them a sense of belonging and unity.
What is a criticism of the functional definition?
It is too inclusive, as it could classify anything that serves a purpose, like modern science explaining death, as a religion.
What is the social constructionist definition of religion?
This definition argues that no single universal definition of religion exists, as different individuals and groups mean very different things by the term.
What example illustrates the social constructionist view?
Aldridge notes that Scientology is considered a religion by its followers, while some governments have tried to ban it, showing definitions are contested and influenced by power.
What does the social constructionist definition focus on?
It focuses on the meanings individuals give to religion, such as someone considering gardening their religion.
What is a criticism of the social constructionist definition?
It makes it impossible to generalize about religion, as people have widely different views on what counts as religion.
